Eta-Talmic

Proto-Talmic/Swadesh list

Proto-Talmic is a descendant of Proto-Quihum and the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Eevo, Nurian, Roshterian, ...).

Todo

• -nəm = patientive
• stan- = gather
  • stannəm = gathering
    • Eevo sdann = (mathematics) set
  • ~ sta- in stāmom?
• add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
  • -ssōs = another noun suffix
  • 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
  • lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū

Phonology

Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labiovelar	Uvular	Labiouvular	Glottal
Nasal		*m	*n
Plosive	voiceless			*t		*k	*kʷ	*q	*qʷ
	voiced	*b		*d		*g	*gʷ
Fricative	voiceless	*ɸ	*θ	*s						*h
	voiced		*δ					*ʁ	*ʁʷ
Resonant			*l	*r	*y		*w

Vowels

a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui aw ew iw ow

Thensarian reflexes

• a e i o u ə > a e i o u y
• ō > ū in word-final syllables; ā elsewhere (gives too much aw in Eevo?)
• ou > ō
• ē > ī
• ei > ē
• oi > ȳ
• ui > ui
• ew > iō
• iw > iū
• ai, au > ae, ao

Morphology

Proto-Talmic was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers. It had an ablaut system much like that of Indo-European.

Nouns

Masculine nouns

(Just one paradigm)

δoirom 'bird'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Absolute	δoirom	δeδoirom	δoirīs
Construct	δoirai	δeδoirai	δoirinnə

Possessed forms of δoirom - 'bird'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	δoirot	δoirinnət
1sg possessor	δoiron	δoirinnən
2sg.m possessor	δoirossi	δoirinnəssi
2sg.f possessor	δoirossiu	δoirinnəssiu
3sg.m possessor	δoirotiu	δoirinniu
3sg.f possessor	δoirotī	δoirinnī
3sg.n possessor	δoirota	δoirinna
1exc possessor	δoirosmə	δoirinnəsmə
1inc possessor	δoiroswi	δoirinnəswi
2pl possessor	δoiroka	δoirinnəka
3pl possessor	δoirotōr	δoirinnətōr

Feminine nouns

gʷondā 'body'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Absolute	gʷondā	gegʷondā	gʷondār
Construct	gʷondāt	gegʷondām	gʷondās

Possessed forms of gʷondā - 'body'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	gʷondat	gʷondāsat
1sg possessor	gʷondan	gʷondasan
2sg.m possessor	gʷondassi	gʷondasassi
2sg.f possessor	gʷondassiu	gʷondasassiu
3sg.m possessor	gʷondatiu	gʷondasiu
3sg.f possessor	gʷondatī	gʷondasī
3sg.n possessor	gʷondata	gʷondasa
1exc possessor	gʷondasmə	gʷondasasmə
1inc possessor	gʷondaswi	gʷondasaswi
2pl possessor	gʷondaka	gʷondaseka
3pl possessor	gʷondatōr	gʷondasōr

Neuter nouns

tektəs 'child'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Absolute	tektəs	tetektəs	tektəen
Construct	tektəes	tetektəes	tektəer

Possessed forms of tektəs - 'child'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	tektət	tektəerət
1sg possessor	tektən	tektəerən
2sg.m possessor	tektəssi	tektəerəssi
2sg.f possessor	tektəssiu	tektəerəssiu
3sg.m possessor	tektiu	tektəeriu
3sg.f possessor	tektī	tektəerī
3sg.n possessor	tektəta	tektəera
1exc possessor	tektəsmo	tektəersmo
1inc possessor	tektəswi	tektəerswi
2pl possessor	tektəka	tektəerka
3pl possessor	tektōr	tektəerōr

jenaqʷs 'water' (n.)
	Singulative	Collective
Absolute	jenaqʷs	jenenaqʷs
Construct	jenaqʷes	jenenaqʷes

stuφs 'fire' (n.)
	Singulative	Collective
Absolute	stuφs	stestuφs
Construct	stuφes	stestuφes

Adjectives

Masculine:

mukʷtam 'dark'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	mukʷtam	memukʷtam	mukʷtaīs
Definite	mukʷtoi	memukʷtoi	mukʷtannə

Feminine:

mukʷtam 'dark'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	mukʷtā	memukʷtā	mukʷtar
Definite	mukʷtāt	memukʷtām	mukʷtās

Neuter:

mukʷtam 'dark'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	mukʷtas	memukʷtas	mukʷtān
Definite	mukʷtās	memukʷtās	mukʷtār

Verbs

Object markers

Object affixes

	Singular	Plural
1	ni-	mē-
1 + 2	-	θē-
2	ti-	sē-
3	bi-	nē-

TAM + subject markers

Collective subjects agree with singular (subject or object) verb affixes.

Root ablaut occurs in some stems in verbs and derived nouns. Ablauting verbs follow one of the patterns below (modulo compensatory lengthening); the present stem is in what is called the "a-grade" in Quihum linguistics, and the preterite stem has the "i-grade".

• present stem a - preterite stem e - VN a
• present stem ā - preterite stem ē - VN a
• present stem o - preterite stem i - VN ə
• present stem ō - preterite stem ī
• present stem ō - preterite stem ē
• present stem oi - preterite stem ei
• present stem ou - preterite stem iu
• present stem au - preterite stem eu

Progressive

Person	ʁaismān "I swim" (vowel stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	*ʁaismān	*kaφsən
2SG	*ʁaismār	*kaφsər
3SG.M	*ʁaismām	*kaφsəm
3SG.F	*ʁaismāsim	*kaφsəsim
3SG.N	*ʁaismā	*kaφs
1EX	*ʁaismāmē	*kaφsmē
1IN	*ʁaismānt	*kaφsənt
2PL	*ʁaismāskʷe	*kaφsəskʷe
3PL	*ʁaismāt	*kaφsət

Habitual

Person	ʁaismān "I swim" (vowel stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	*ʁeʁaismān	*kekaφsən
2SG	*ʁeʁaismār	*kekaφsər
3SG.M	*ʁeʁaismām	*kekaφsəm
3SG.F	*ʁeʁaismāsim	*kekaφsəsim
3SG.N	*ʁeʁaismā	*kekaφs
1EX	*ʁeʁaismāmē	*kekaφsmē
1IN	*ʁeʁaismānt	*kekaφsənt
2PL	*ʁeʁaismāskʷe	*kekaφsəskʷe
3PL	*ʁeʁaismāt	*kekaφsət

Preterite

Person	ʁaismān "I swim" (vowel stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	*ʁaismānnem	*keφsənnem
2SG	*ʁaismārəg	*keφsrəg
3SG.M	*ʁaismāsəm	*keφsəsəm
3SG.F	*ʁaismāstis	*keφsəstis
3SG.N	*ʁaismāso	*keφso
1EX	*ʁaismāmer	*keφsəmer
1IN	*ʁaismānter	*keφsənter
2PL	*ʁaismāskʷer	*keφsəskʷer
3PL	*ʁaismāter	*keφsəter

Subjunctive

Person	ʁaismān "I swim" (vowel stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	*ʁaismānai	*kaφsnai
2SG	*ʁaismārai	*kaφsrai
3SG.M	*ʁaismāmewr	*kaφsmewr
3SG.F	*ʁaismāsewr	*kaφsəsewr
3SG.N	*ʁaismāwr	*kaφsewr
1EX	*ʁaismāmai	*kaφsmai
1IN	*ʁaismāntai	*kaφsəntai
2PL	*ʁaismāskʷai	*kaφsəskʷai
3PL	*ʁaismātewr	*kaφsətewr

Imperative

Person	ʁaismān "I swim" (vowel-stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
2SG	*ʁaismā!	*kaφsə!
1IN	*ʁaismāntē!	*kaφsəntē!
2PL	*ʁaismāskʷē!	*kaφsəskʷē!

Derivational morphology

Affixes

Some derivational affixes are:

• -nəm (n.) = patient suffix
• -ā- = verbalizer (from *-əx̌-; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
  • What if *-əx̌- meant something else in PQuih?
  • Roshterian -ia-/-i- - fossilized suffix in many verbs
• -ākos (n.) = verbal noun (from *-əx̌- verbalizer + *-kas = older VN suffix)
  • Roshterian -iac
• -akt(V)- = adjectivizer
  • Roshterian -ait

Syntax

The emphatic particle *-is was commonly suffixed to the verb, as seen directly in Thensarian and the fact that Rostherian kept most verb affixes intact.

Lexicon

• tās = what?
• skʷidus (n) = gathering (from Adetsib s-kʷidus 'to gather')
• φlatnəm (m) = seed
• ʁeibō (f) = blood
• undā (f) = sun
• sausmos (n) = moon
• ilmis (n) = star
• tussān (v) = to pray
• torjān? (v) = to bloom
• kaksən (v) = to eat
• bənθəm (adj) = smooth
• gʷesō (f) = sky
• ʁlossom (adj) = red
• bessom (adj) = green
• raikʷom (adj) = yellow
• wlomum (adj) = black
• heφom (adj) = white
• jenaqʷs (n) = water
• stuks (n) = fire
• gnusijān (v) = to drink

Numbers

1. *kʷēmom (Thensarian cēmom is an anomaly; *cīmom would be expected)
2. *tiθōr
3. *nasgis
4. *δaubis
5. *soliθis
6. *stāmom
7. *roudis
8. *loredis
9. *φarwis
10. *ħijōris
11. (not reconstructed)
12. *kʷnaisā