Voþken: Difference between revisions
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|rowspan="2"|'''''veylym''''' <br/> every <br/> each <br/> all | |rowspan="2"|'''''veylym''''' <br/> every <br/> each <br/> all | ||
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwivym''''' <br/> no | |rowspan="2"|'''''þwivym''''' <br/> no | ||
|rowspan="2"|''''' | |rowspan="2"|'''''antym''''' <br/> another | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
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|rowspan="2"|'''''veylgoþ''''' <br/> everyone <br/> everybody <br/> all | |rowspan="2"|'''''veylgoþ''''' <br/> everyone <br/> everybody <br/> all | ||
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwivgoþ''''' <br/> no one <br/> nobody | |rowspan="2"|'''''þwivgoþ''''' <br/> no one <br/> nobody | ||
|rowspan="2"|''''' | |rowspan="2"|'''''antgoþ''''' <br/> another <br/> someone else <br/> somebody else | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
| Line 453: | Line 453: | ||
|rowspan="2"|'''''veyl''''' <br/> everything <br/> all | |rowspan="2"|'''''veyl''''' <br/> everything <br/> all | ||
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwiv''''' <br/> nothing | |rowspan="2"|'''''þwiv''''' <br/> nothing | ||
|rowspan="2"|''''' | |rowspan="2"|'''''ant''''' <br/> something else <br/> else <br/> other | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
| Line 470: | Line 470: | ||
|'''''veylsuþ''''' <br/> both | |'''''veylsuþ''''' <br/> both | ||
|'''''þwivsuþ''''' <br/> neither | |'''''þwivsuþ''''' <br/> neither | ||
|''''' | |'''''antsuþ''''' <br/> other | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"|Out of Many (plural) | !colspan="2"|Out of Many (plural) | ||
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|'''''veylsuþþe''''' <br/> each <br/> all | |'''''veylsuþþe''''' <br/> each <br/> all | ||
|'''''þwivsuþþe''''' <br/> none | |'''''þwivsuþþe''''' <br/> none | ||
|''''' | |'''''antsuþþe''''' <br/> another | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan="6"|Pro-Adverb | !rowspan="6"|Pro-Adverb | ||
!colspan="2"|Location | !colspan="2"|Location | ||
|'''''tyb''''' <br/> where | |'''''tyb''''' <br/> where | ||
|''''' | |'''''tang''''' <br/> here | ||
|''''' | |'''''tynþ''''' <br/> there | ||
|''''' | |'''''tygwe''''' <br/> yonder | ||
|'''''byrctyb''''' <br/> somewhere | |'''''byrctyb''''' <br/> somewhere | ||
|'''''byttyb''''' <br/> anywhere <br/> wherever <br/> wheresoever | |'''''byttyb''''' <br/> anywhere <br/> wherever <br/> wheresoever | ||
|'''''veyltyb'''''<br/> everywhere | |'''''veyltyb'''''<br/> everywhere | ||
|'''''þwivtyb''''' <br/> nowhere | |'''''þwivtyb''''' <br/> nowhere | ||
|''''' | |'''''anttyb''''' <br/> elsewhere | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"|Source | !colspan="2"|Source | ||
|<br/> whence | |'''''kay''''' <br/> whence | ||
|<br/> hence | |'''''kyang''''' <br/> hence | ||
|<br/> thence | |'''''kynþ''''' <br/> thence | ||
|<br/> | |'''''kaygwe''''' <br/> | ||
|<br/> somewhence | |'''''byrckay'''''<br/> somewhence | ||
|<br/> anywhence <br/> whencever <br/> whencesoever | |'''''bytkay''''' <br/> anywhence <br/> whencever <br/> whencesoever | ||
|<br/> everywhence | |'''''veylkay''''' <br/> everywhence | ||
|<br/> nowhence | |'''''þwivkay''''' <br/> nowhence | ||
|<br/> elsewhence | |'''''antkay''''' <br/> elsewhence | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"|Goal | !colspan="2"|Goal | ||
|<br/> whither | |'''''fast''''' <br/> whither | ||
|<br/> hither | |'''''fastang''''' <br/> hither | ||
|<br/> thither | |'''''fastynþ''''' <br/> thither | ||
|<br/> | |'''''fastgwe''''' <br/> | ||
|<br/> somewhither | |'''''byrcfast'''''<br/> somewhither | ||
|<br/> anywhither <br/> whitherever <br/> whithersoever | |'''''bytfast''''' <br/> anywhither <br/> whitherever <br/> whithersoever | ||
|<br/> everywither | |'''''veylfast''''' <br/> everywither | ||
|<br/> nowhither | |'''''þwivast''''' <br/> nowhither | ||
|<br/> elsewhither | |'''''antfast''''' <br/> elsewhither | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"|Time | !colspan="2"|Time | ||
Revision as of 08:43, 5 November 2017
| Voþken | |
|---|---|
| Voþken | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|ˈvɔθ.kɛn]] |
| Created by | iancgil |
| |
Introduction
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Post Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | ||||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | þ /θ/ | s /s/ | c /ʃ/ | h /x/ | ||
| voiced | v /v/ | ð /ð/ | s [z]* | |||||
| Approximant | r /ɹ/ | y /j/ | ||||||
| Lateral Approximant | l /l/ | |||||||
*allophone
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | Diphthongs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | u /u/ | ||
| Near-Close | i/y /ɪ/ [ɪ]* | o /ʊ/ | ||
| Close-Mid | ei/ey /ej/ | |||
| Mid | e [ə]* | |||
| Open-Mid | e /ɛ/ | oi/oy /ɔɪ/ | ||
| Near-Open | a /æ/ | |||
| Open | a [a]* | ai/ay /aj/ |
*allophone
Phonotactics
Allowed Syllables
- (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Consonant Clusters Word Initial
- [fricative]+[nasal,liquid,stop]
- [stop]+[nasal,liquid,fricative]
Word Internal
Word Final
- [fricative]+[stop]
- [stop]+[fricative]
- /m/+/b/
- /n/+[stop,excluding /b/]
Phonological Rules
- /ɛ/ > [ə] / _#
- /s/ > [z] / $_[+voiced +consonant]
- /s/ > [z] / [+voiced +consonant]_$
- /ʊ/ > [ɔ] / _/j/
- /j/ > [ɪ] / /ʊ/_
- /j/ > [ɪ] / [+consonant] _ [+consonant]
- /j/ > [i] / [+consonant] _#
- /æ/ > [a] / _/j/$
Stress
Grammar
Word Order
OVS, V2
Morphosyntactic Alignment
Ergative-Absolutive
Morphology
Analytic with a touch of Oligosynthetic. Lots of particles and adpositions used for aspect, mood, mode, and cases but verbs conjugate for tense (mostly) and nouns decline for a few basic cases.
Derivational Morphology
| Verb to Noun | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | -ag | -eg | -ig | -og |
| Suffix | -aygan | -eygen | -ygyn | -oygon |
Examples:
norgig - to be curious
norgygyn - curiosity
menig - to enjoy
menygyn - enjoyment
cwenog - to be infatuated, to love
cwenoygon - infatuation
eþag - to sleep
eþaygan - slumber
| Verb to Adjective | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | -ag | -eg | -ig | -og |
| Suffix | -any | -eny | -iny | -ony |
Examples:
menig - to enjoy
meniny - enjoyable
cwenog - to be infatuated, to love
cwenony - loveable
wesog - to destroy
wesony - destroyable
cwinag - to give
cwinany - giveable
| Voþken | English Approximation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Adjective to: | Adverb | -dwa | -ly |
| Noun | -ah | -ness | |
| Verb | -unk | -ize, -ise | |
| Adjective | -sla | -ish | |
Examples:
| Voþken | English Approximation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Noun to: | Adverb | ||
| Verb | -rið | -fy | |
| Adjective | -ym | -y | |
Nouns
| Absolutive | Ergative | Genitive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| goþ | goþwa | goþest | goþwest | goþyr | goþwyr |
| stur | sturwa | sturest | sturwest | sturyr | sturwyr |
| vent | ventwa | ventest | ventwest | ventyr | ventwyr |
| vekna | veknaw | veknast | veknawst | veknayr | veknawyr |
| sure | surew | surest | surewst | sureyr | surewyr |
Pronouns
| Absolutive | Ergative | Genitive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| First Person | on | onne | onest | onnest | onyr | onneyr |
| Second Person | uð | uððe | uðest | uððest | uðyr | uððeyr |
| Third Person | ta | itta | test | ittest | tayr | ittayr |
| Zeroth Person | suþ | suþþe | suþest | suþþest | suþyr | suþþeyr |
Correlatives
| Interrogative | Demonstrative | Quantifier | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proximal | Medial | Distal | Assertive Existential | Elective Existential | Universal | Negatory | Positive Alternative | ||||
| Determiner | Singular | gew which |
led this |
loyd that |
seg yon |
vyn some |
bytym any whichever whichsoever |
veylym every each all |
þwivym no |
antym another | |
| Plural | gic what |
ledeþ these |
loydeþ those |
segeþ yonder | |||||||
| Pronoun | Human | Singular | ðycegoþ who |
ledah this |
loydah that |
segah yon |
byrcgoþ someone |
bytgoþ anyone anybody whoever |
veylgoþ everyone everybody all |
þwivgoþ no one nobody |
antgoþ another someone else somebody else |
| Plural | ðycegoþeþ whom |
ledhe these |
loydhe those |
seghe yonder |
byrcgoþeþ somebody |
bytgoþeþ whomever whosoever whomsoever | |||||
| Nonhuman | Singular | ðyce what |
ledah this |
loydah that |
segah yon |
byrc something |
byt anything whatever whatsoever |
veyl everything all |
þwiv nothing |
ant something else else other | |
| Plural | ðyceþ what |
ledhe these |
loydhe those |
seghe yonder | |||||||
| Out of Two (dual) | ðysuþ which one |
ledsuþ this one |
loydsuþ that one |
segsuþ yon |
suþ one |
bytsuþ either whichever whichsoever |
veylsuþ both |
þwivsuþ neither |
antsuþ other | ||
| Out of Many (plural) | ðysuþþe which |
ledsuþþe these |
loydsuþþe those |
segsuþþe yonder |
suþþe some |
bytsuþþe any whichever whichsoever |
veylsuþþe each all |
þwivsuþþe none |
antsuþþe another | ||
| Pro-Adverb | Location | tyb where |
tang here |
tynþ there |
tygwe yonder |
byrctyb somewhere |
byttyb anywhere wherever wheresoever |
veyltyb everywhere |
þwivtyb nowhere |
anttyb elsewhere | |
| Source | kay whence |
kyang hence |
kynþ thence |
kaygwe |
byrckay somewhence |
bytkay anywhence whencever whencesoever |
veylkay everywhence |
þwivkay nowhence |
antkay elsewhence | ||
| Goal | fast whither |
fastang hither |
fastynþ thither |
fastgwe |
byrcfast somewhither |
bytfast anywhither whitherever whithersoever |
veylfast everywither |
þwivast nowhither |
antfast elsewhither | ||
| Time | when |
now |
then |
sometime somewhen |
anytime anywhen whenever whensoever |
always everywhen |
never nowhen |
elsewhen another time | |||
| Manner | how whereby |
thus hereby |
thereby |
somehow |
anyhow however howsoever |
everyway everyhow |
no way no how |
otherwise elseway elsehow | |||
| Reason | why wherefor |
herefore |
therefore |
somewhy for some reason |
anywhy whyever whysoever |
everywhy |
nowhy |
elsewhy | |||
Verbs
| -ag | -ig | -og | -eg | ayg | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| eþag - to sleep | venig - to have | hadog - to want | waneg - to do | ayg - to be | ||||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Present | eþ | eþwa | ven | venwi | had | hadwo | wan | wanwe | ay | aywi |
| Perfect | eþat | eþact | venit | venict | hadot | hadoct | wanet | wanect | ayt | ayct |
| Imperfect | ay eþat | ay eþact | ay venit | ay venict | ay hadot | ay hadoct | ay wanet | ay wanect | ay ayt | ay ayct |
| Pluperfect | ayt eþat | ayct eþact | ayt venit | ayct venict | ayt hadot | ayct hadoct | ayt wanet | ayct wanect | ayt ayt | ayct ayct |
| Future | eþwað | eþwaðy | venwið | venwiðy | hadoð | hadoðy | waneð | waneðy | ayð | ayðy |
Passive
The passive construction in Voþken uses the particle geh preceding a noun in the ablative case.
Comparison:
Active: Kyað onest voyat. I drank water.
Passive: Kyað geh on voyat. Water [was] drank by me.
Modal Particles
All modal particles precede the verb phrase
| Particle | Expressing | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| va | Advice | Uð va cwel. | You ought to run. |
| ði | Logical Conclusion/Certainty | Kyað itta ði ay voyact | He must have drank the water. |
| cwat | Polite Permission | On cwat sun þray? | Might I leave? |
| ef | Ability | On ef cwel. | I can run. |
| lo | Possibility | On lo noyk. | I could fall. |
| veh | Probability | On veh sun. | I may leave. |
| loy | Permission | Kyað onest loy voy þray? | May I drink the water? |
| beg | Obligation | On beg sun. | I must leave. |
| wyv | Partial Obligation | On wyv sun. | I should leave. |
Mood Particles
All mood particles proceed the main verb so as to conclude the sentence.
| Particle | Mood | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | Indicative | Stur onest askit. | I went home. |
| von | Imperative | Stur uðest ask von. | (You) go home. |
| þray | Interrogative | Uð vaskdwa ay þray? | Are you well? |
Negation
Negation of verbs in Voþken is done by using the negative particle þwi. This particle proceeds the verb phrase to be negated, but does not proceed the mood particle if there is one.
Examples:
On ef cwel. I can run.
On ef cwel þwi. I cannot run.
Stur uðest ask von. (You) go home.
Stur uðest ask þwi von. (You) [do] not go home.
Adjectives
Adjectives precede what it is modifying.
Predicative Adjectives
Adjectives are not allowed to be used as nouns and must be converted to a noun via derivation. Depending on the derivation used, the use of a preposition may still be required as in the "-ness" variety of adjective derived nouns.
Adjective Order
Adverbs
Adverbs precede what they are modifying, such as an adjective or verb. In the case that there is a helping verb or a modal particle, the adverb precedes the entire verb phrase.
Adpositions
Questions
The Interrogative
Yes/No/Yea/Nay
Voþken has a four-form answer system for yes/no questions. They are divided into two types of questions: affirmative and negative.
Affirmative
Uð vaskdwa ay þray? - Are you well?
Hwa. - Yes.
Ða - No.
Negative
Uð vaskdwa ay þwi þray? - Are you well?
Hact. - Yea.
Ðeu - Nay.
Question Words
Numbers
The number system of Voþken is a base 12 system that reaches up to 12^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits.
| Digit | Powers of 12 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12^0 | 12^1 | 12^2 | 12^3 | 12^4 | 12^5 | |
| 1 | gad | gadur | gadara | gadora | gadira | gadurþa |
| 2 | þes | þesur | þesara | þesora | þesira | þesurþa |
| 3 | an | anur | anara | anora | anira | anurþa |
| 4 | syk | sykur | sykara | sykora | sykira | sykurþa |
| 5 | wyk | wykur | wykara | wykora | wykira | wykurþa |
| 6 | vað | vaður | vaðara | vaðora | vaðira | vaðarþa |
| 7 | nesk | neskur | neskara | neskora | neskira | neskurþa |
| 8 | com | comur | comara | comora | comira | comurþa |
| 9 | pwa | pwar | pwara | pwaora | pwaira | pwarþa |
| 10 | syen | syenur | syenara | syenora | syenira | syenurþa |
| 11 | foyl | foylur | foylara | foylora | foylira | foylurþa |