Naeng/Literature

Windermere/Lexicon

Windermere/Swadesh list

Naeng/Literature
Created by	IlL, Praimhín
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Naeng/Literature

Windermere is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax.

In-universe, Windermere was used as a classical language in Talma.

Introduction

Windermere was originally created by Praimhín for the Fifth Linguifex Relay. It is currently being revived and adapted for Verse:Tricin as a classical language in Talma (perhaps replacing Netagin) - this version will also be more synthetic than the original creator envisioned.

Todo

• Weird grammatical categories that aren't so Celtic or Semitic - so it makes Eevo really analytic
  • something Austronesian?

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

• Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
• Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
• Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
• Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ

Vowels

The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.

• · : ; ı › ˫ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ ›ƪ = ua üe ie oa ea oy

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	tenuis	b /p~b/	d /t~d/			g /k~g/		' /ʔ/
	aspirated	p /pʰ~bʰ/	t /tʰ~dʰ/			c /kʰ~gʰ/
Affricate			ts /ts̻/	tł /tɬ/
Fricative	spirant	f /f~v/	th /θ~ð/			ch /x~ɣ/
	nonspirant		s /s̻/	ł /ɬ/	ș /s̺~ʃ/			h /h/
Resonant		w /w/	r /r/		y /j/		l /ʟ/

In Eevo, pʰ p f tʰ t θ kʰ k x ts̻ s̻ tɬ ɬ s̺ m n ŋ ʟ r w j h ʔ are borrowed as p b f/v t d þ/ð c g ç ts s tx x z m n ŋ l r v j h ∅

[cf. OHG /s̺/ > Modern German /z/ ]

Vowels

a e i o u y ⟨a e i o u oy ü⟩

iə eə uə oə oj yə ⟨ie ea uo oa oy üe⟩

ə ⟨ă⟩ (in unstressed syllables)

In Eevo these are borrowed as:

a e i o w u

ia ee wa oo øø ua

y

Stress

Stress is invariably final.

Phonotactics

Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.

Morphology

Nouns

im- is used for the plural prefix.

Todo: preposed case markers

Pronouns

Independent pronouns

• 1sg: rie
• 2sg: łen (masculine), łes (feminine)
• 3sg: in (masculine), is (feminine), tan (inanimate)
• 1pl: tsal (exclusive), bang (inclusive)
• 2pl: ngeab
• 3pl: uos (animate), tuos (inanimate)

Verbs

Personal inflection

The personal affixes are prefixes. For example:

	rie	łen	łes	in	is	tan	ămrie	bang	łănam	ănam	tănam
dur 'sit'	rădur	łedur	łesdur	idur	sădur	dur	ărdur	angdur	łamdur	amdur	dur
plang 'stand'	prălang	pelang	peslang	pilang	psălang	plang	părlang	panglang	păłamrang	pamlang	plang

Aspect

Used derivationally in descendants

Trigger

Trigger + aspect + intensity fusion, much like Semitic; used derivationally in descendants

Windermere verbs employ an Austronesian-style trigger system, which are marked with prefixes or infixes.

These triggers are most similar to active and passive voices:

• Patient trigger [telic]
• Patient trigger [atelic]
• Agent trigger [= a weird way of syntacticizing passive voice/ergativity]

These triggers are most similar to applicatives:

• Locative trigger
• Instrumental trigger
• Destination trigger
• Source/reason trigger [~ causative]
• Benefactive trigger [also purposive]
• Malefactive trigger [also "lest"]
• Comitative trigger

[Netagin could use this actually]

Derivational morphology

• Head-initial concatenation
• hăl- = hominalizer

Syntax

Constituent order

Word order is VSO, like Celtic, Semitic and Tagalog. [S = the constituent that the verb agrees with]