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Old Shalaian/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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Undoing the Great Flulfening
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Genitive noun phrases use possessive affixes on the possessed noun: | Genitive noun phrases use possessive affixes on the possessed noun: | ||
:''ni chaast'''s''' rái'chal'' = Rachel's friend (weak possession) | :''ni chaast'''s''' rái'chal'' = Rachel's friend (weak possession) | ||
:'''''in'''- | :'''''in'''-għásh rái'chal'' = Rachel's hand (strong possession) | ||
===Nominal sentences=== | ===Nominal sentences=== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} is zero-copula for nominal sentences and for predicative adjuncts such as '' | {{PAGENAME}} is zero-copula for nominal sentences and for predicative adjuncts such as ''għar roft'' 'at home'. Nominal sentences in the present tense are negated with the preverb ''thoor''. | ||
:'''''Am shaanft | :'''''Am shaanft Għánameen swid?''''' | ||
:Q.PRES woman-3SG.AN | :Q.PRES woman-3SG.AN Għánameen 2SG | ||
:''Are you | :''Are you Għánameen's wife/girlfriend?'' | ||
:'''''Thoor, sháanfalna fin.''''' | :'''''Thoor, sháanfalna fin.''''' | ||
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:''No, she's *my* girlfriend.'' | :''No, she's *my* girlfriend.'' | ||
:'''''Am | :'''''Am għar roft Inthar? Thoor.''''' | ||
:''Is Inthar home? No, they're not.'' | :''Is Inthar home? No, they're not.'' | ||
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:''Who are you?'' | :''Who are you?'' | ||
:''''' | :'''''Għaib lōkh swid?''''' | ||
:where PST 2SG | :where PST 2SG | ||
:''Where have you been?'' | :''Where have you been?'' | ||
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Verbal wh-questions are always cleft sentences: The material after the wh-word becomes a relative clause with the wh-word as the head. The relative clause can be a ''cha''-clause vs. a ''vi''-clause: | Verbal wh-questions are always cleft sentences: The material after the wh-word becomes a relative clause with the wh-word as the head. The relative clause can be a ''cha''-clause vs. a ''vi''-clause: | ||
:'''''Yan vi | :'''''Yan vi tágħti?''''' | ||
:yan vi ta- | :yan vi ta-għát-i | ||
:what VI.PRES 2SG.S-see-INF | :what VI.PRES 2SG.S-see-INF | ||
:''What do you see?'' (lit. What is that which you see?) | :''What do you see?'' (lit. What is that which you see?) | ||
:'''''Yakh | :'''''Yakh għan do'ch agħt vikh rṓzhas?''''' | ||
:yakh | :yakh għan do'ch a-għát-0 vikh rōzh-as | ||
:who here CHA.NEG.PRES 3SG.A-see-3SG.I VI.PST do.INF-3SG.H | :who here CHA.NEG.PRES 3SG.A-see-3SG.I VI.PST do.INF-3SG.H | ||
:''Who here does not see what she (hon.) has done?'' (lit. Who here is it that does not see that which she has done?) | :''Who here does not see what she (hon.) has done?'' (lit. Who here is it that does not see that which she has done?) | ||
==='There is' and 'have'=== | ==='There is' and 'have'=== | ||
'There is' clauses use the word ''whid'' at the beginning of the word, and have-possessives use the structure ''whid'' + the thing possessed + the preposition '' | 'There is' clauses use the word ''whid'' at the beginning of the word, and have-possessives use the structure ''whid'' + the thing possessed + the preposition ''għar'' + possessor. The negative of ''whid'' is ''yaan'ch'' 'there is not' (etymologically from an interrogative *yan cha' whid "where is..."), and the negative interrogative form is ''maand''. | ||
:'''''Yaan'ch vózhleedash | :'''''Yaan'ch vózhleedash għar áifer.''''' | ||
:''There is no justice in this (fact or situation).'' | :''There is no justice in this (fact or situation).'' | ||
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====Transitives==== | ====Transitives==== | ||
Transitive verbs (such as 'to hit') mark both persons on the verb. Passive verbs formed from transitives behave like intransitives and take the absolutive argument for the "patient" just like the active counterpart does. The antipassive turns the agent into the absolutive argument and uses '' | Transitive verbs (such as 'to hit') mark both persons on the verb. Passive verbs formed from transitives behave like intransitives and take the absolutive argument for the "patient" just like the active counterpart does. The antipassive turns the agent into the absolutive argument and uses ''għar'' with the patient. | ||
====Ditransitives==== | ====Ditransitives==== | ||
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There are conjunctions for time clauses. | There are conjunctions for time clauses. | ||
However, the infinitive construction '' | However, the infinitive construction ''għar'' + infinitive is more commonly used: | ||
*'' | *''għar zhá'unal'' = when I awake/have awakened | ||
*''zhar't lidanzháis láathvai, chōns | *''zhar't lidanzháis láathvai, chōns għar kháir't.'' (FUT 1SG-APP-come-3SG.A together every LOC go-3SG.A = Whenever she goes, I'm going together with her.'') | ||
In infinitive clauses, the possessor of the infinitive is the absolutive noun, and ''mi'' is used in front of the ergative noun. | In infinitive clauses, the possessor of the infinitive is the absolutive noun, and ''mi'' is used in front of the ergative noun. | ||
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The syntax ''vair'' + form of ''cha'' is used when comparing clauses: | The syntax ''vair'' + form of ''cha'' is used when comparing clauses: | ||
:'''''Ashfíl'azhal, lōkh tirṓj | :'''''Ashfíl'azhal, lōkh tirṓj thogħs vair chakh lidanrú'k.''''' | ||
:''Congrats, you did [it] better than I expected.'' | :''Congrats, you did [it] better than I expected.'' | ||
The syntax ''vair'' + possessed form of the infinitive is used for clauses of the form "too ADJ for NOUN to VERB". | The syntax ''vair'' + possessed form of the infinitive is used for clauses of the form "too ADJ for NOUN to VERB". | ||
:'''''Khom ħi qōv | :'''''Khom ħi qōv lirwhágħan vair shéerishawh thóogħab.''''' | ||
:be_at.3SG.I DEF.SG.I death COMP-evil than neglect-INF-1PL from-3SG.I | :be_at.3SG.I DEF.SG.I death COMP-evil than neglect-INF-1PL from-3SG.I | ||
:''Death is too evil for us to neglect.'' (lit. more evil than our neglecting it) | :''Death is too evil for us to neglect.'' (lit. more evil than our neglecting it) | ||