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{{At-box}} | {{At-box}} | ||
==General information== | ==General information== | ||
{{Sidebar-At}} | |||
:''Main article: The [[Attian]] language.'' | :''Main article: The [[Attian]] language.'' | ||
:''See also: [[Attian#Morphology|Attian | :''See also: [[Attian#Morphology|Attian morphology]] and [[IPA for Attian]].'' | ||
This appendix describes the phonology and corresponding processes of the Attian language. The [[Attian]] language is an artificial a priori language, and has thus the freedom of a phonology created from scratch, quite irregular. The consonantal inventory is remarkable for being quite "alveolo-velar", lacking any labialconsonants | This appendix describes the phonology and corresponding processes of the Attian language. The [[Attian]] language is an artificial a priori language, and has thus the freedom of a phonology created from scratch, quite irregular. The consonantal inventory is remarkable for being quite "alveolo-velar", lacking any labialconsonants. | ||
==Consonants== | ==Consonants== | ||
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*Consonant gemination is phonemic, and applies to all consonants but /h/, but never occurs initially. Gemination is marked by doubling the grapheme. | *Consonant gemination is phonemic, and applies to all consonants but /h/, but never occurs initially. Gemination is marked by doubling the grapheme. | ||
{| {{ | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 650px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+ | |+ '''Consonant phonemes in Attian''' | ||
! colspan="9"|Consonant phonemes | ! colspan="9"|Consonant phonemes | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' [t] | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' [t] | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|''' | | style="text-align: center;"|'''c''' [k] | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| style="text-align: center;"|'''th''' [θ-ð] | | style="text-align: center;"|'''th''' [θ-ð] | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'''z''' [s-z] | | style="text-align: center;"|'''z''' [s-z] | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"|'''sh''' [ç] | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'''j '''[x-ɣ] | | style="text-align: center;"|'''j '''[x-ɣ] | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'''h''' [h-ɦ] | | style="text-align: center;"|'''h''' [h-ɦ] | ||
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! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximant | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximant | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' [j] | | style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' [j] | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' [w] | | style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' [w] | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Trill | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'''r''' [r̥] | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Processes=== | |||
The Attian consonants undergo a number of phonological processes, all of which are completely phonemic. | |||
====Labiovelar coarticulation==== | ====Labiovelar coarticulation==== | ||
The labiovelar coarticulation, or simply labiovelarisation, is a process which only applies to the velar stops, that is /ŋ/, /k/ and /ɡ/. | The labiovelar coarticulation, or simply labiovelarisation, is a process which only applies to the velar stops, that is /ŋ/, /k/ and /ɡ/. | ||
The velar stops are coarticulated with their labial analogue when | The velar stops are coarticulated with their labial analogue when followed by a rounded vowel. This causes the phonemes /ŋ͡m/, /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/. | ||
Other situations producing the labiovelars, and especially the nasal one, are collisions of /ŋ/ and /n/, no matter the order. In addition, the combinations /n/ or /ŋ/ plus /w/ gives the labiovelar nasal /ŋ͡m/. | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| | |'''u{{blue|gg}}ā''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| | |'''a{{blue|mnv}}a''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| | |'''gva u{{blue|gg}}a egegi''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| /uɡˈɡø/ → | | /uɡˈɡø/ → /uˈ{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| / | | /aŋˈna/ → /aˈ{{blue|ŋ͡m}}a/ | ||
! | ! | ||
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! | ! | ||
| «'' | | «''you; thou''» | ||
! | ! | ||
|«''I fish fish''» | |«''I fish fish''» | ||
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====Fricativisation==== | ====Fricativisation==== | ||
The | The 4 plosives, /t/, /d/, /k/ and /ɡ/, are fricativisised into /θ/, /ð/, /x/ and /ɣ/ intervocalic positions. The fricativisation also occurs should any of the plosives precede other hetero-organic plosives.{{Sidebar-At}} | ||
Fricativisation only applies should the plosives occur as a coda, or onset in an unstressed syllable. This implies that any fricativisation due to external sandhi, i.e. if the preceeding word ends with a vowel, is impossible. | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| | |'''a{{blue|d}}an''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| | |'''e{{blue|g}}ta''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| | |'''yecai''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| /ˈadan/ → | | /ˈadan/ → /ˈa{{blue|ð}}an/ | ||
! | ! | ||
|/ɛɡta/ → | |/ɛɡta/ → /ɛ{{blue|ɣ}}ta/ | ||
! | ! | ||
|/ | |/ˈjɛkai̩/ → /ˈjɛ{{blue|x}}ai̩/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translation --> | <!-- Translation --> | ||
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! | ! | ||
|«'' | |«''small eye; peeking Tom''» | ||
|} | |} | ||
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The glottal fricative /h/, has an irregular effect if preceding or following hetero-organic plosives. The hetero-organic plosive is geminated, or doubled, and the glottal fricative is deleted from speech. | The glottal fricative /h/, has an irregular effect if preceding or following hetero-organic plosives. The hetero-organic plosive is geminated, or doubled, and the glottal fricative is deleted from speech. | ||
The only rhotic consonant in the Attian inventory is the alveolar approximant /r̥/, which is somewhat irregular in its pronounciation. The corresponding intervocalic allophone is pronounced voicedly. | |||
The | |||
===Allophony=== | |||
==== | |||
==Vowels== | ==Vowels== | ||
This is the vocalic phoneme inventory of the Attian language. All of the following phonemes are phonemic, however, due to severe allophony in most dialects, the inventory is somewhat [[Attian#Vowel allophony|larger]]. The Attian language has 10 basic vowels, whereof four rounded and six unrounded. | This is the vocalic phoneme inventory of the Attian language. All of the following phonemes are phonemic, however, due to severe allophony in most dialects, the inventory is somewhat [[Attian#Vowel allophony|larger]]. The Attian language has 10 basic vowels, whereof four rounded and six unrounded. | ||
{{Col-begin}} | |||
{{At- | {{Col-2}} | ||
{{Vowels-At}} | |||
{{Col-2}} | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-left:10px; width: 300px;" | |||
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Attian''' | |||
|- | ! | ||
! style="text-align: center;"|Front | |||
! | ! style="text-align: center;"|Central | ||
! style="text-align: center;"|Back | |||
|-align=center class=small | |||
|-align=center | |||
! Close | |||
|'''i''' /i/|| ||'''u''' /u/ | |||
|-align=center | |||
! Near-close | |||
||| ||'''o''' /ɤ/ · '''ō''' /oː/ | |||
|-align=center | |||
|/i/ | ! Close-Mid | ||
| | |'''ā''' /ø/|| || | ||
| | |-align=center | ||
|/ | ! Mid | ||
| | ||| || | ||
|-align=center | |||
| | ! Open-Mid | ||
| | | '''e''' /ɛ/ · '''ē''' /œ/|| || | ||
| | |-align=center | ||
| | ! Near-Open | ||
| | | || || | ||
|-align=center | |||
! Open | |||
| ||'''a''' /a/ || | |||
! | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
{{Col-end}} | |||
===Processes=== | |||
=== | ===Allophony=== | ||
The Attian language's vowels exposed to a great deal of allophony, in different phonological circumstances and when subjects to stress | The Attian language's vowels exposed to a great deal of allophony, in different phonological circumstances and when subjects to stress. Vowels may change their quality when: | ||
*Preceding | *Preceding palato-velar or glottal consonants. This retracts articulation of front vowels, and leaves back vowels unaffected. | ||
*Preceding rhotic consonants, i.e. / | *Preceding rhotic consonants, i.e. /r̥/. Vowels preceding the rhotic become supradentalised if back, and unaffected if front vowels. | ||
*In a stressed syllable. The language has a [[Attian#Stress|moraic stress system]], thus distinguishing the weight of syllables - the heavier the syllable, the greater chance of being stressed. Interestingly, the heaviest syllable is reinforced when stressed, which changes the vowel's quality or diphthongising it. | *In a stressed syllable. The language has a [[Attian#Stress|moraic stress system]], thus distinguishing the weight of syllables - the heavier the syllable, the greater chance of being stressed. Interestingly, the heaviest syllable is reinforced when stressed, which changes the vowel's quality or diphthongising it. | ||
It is important to note that none of the diphthongs are affected by the allophony, and nor are monosyllables. | It is important to note that none of the diphthongs are affected by the allophony, and nor are any monosyllables. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Grapheme | ! Grapheme | ||
! | ! Basic | ||
! Before | ! Before palato-velars | ||
! Before rhotics | ! Before rhotics | ||
! Stressed | ! Stressed | ||
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|i | |i | ||
|ə | |ə | ||
| | |i | ||
| | |ɛi̯ | ||
|- | |||
! e | |||
|ɛ | |||
|ə | |||
|ɛ | |||
|ɛi̯ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! u | ! u | ||
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| colspan="2"|ɤ | | colspan="2"|ɤ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ō | ||
| colspan="2"|o | | colspan="2"|o | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ā | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|ø | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|ø | ||
|øː | |øː | ||
|ə | |ə | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ē | ||
| colspan="3" rowspan="1"|œ | |||
| colspan=" | |||
|ə | |ə | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|a̯ɑː | |a̯ɑː | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Attian]] | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Attian]] |