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Thangha': Difference between revisions
Applicative Voices Done
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(Applicative Voices Done) |
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/ˈʔəʔkʷa mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ | /ˈʔəʔkʷa mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ | ||
[ˈʔʊʔkʷa | [ˈʔʊʔkʷa mʲæɲɵʔ-ˈɫʷoːʂɑ] | ||
1PS.SG.AGT TEL-fall | 1PS.SG.AGT TEL-fall | ||
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/ˈʔacəⁿ mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ | /ˈʔacəⁿ mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ | ||
[ˈʔæceⁿ | [ˈʔæceⁿ mʲæɲɵʔ-ˈɫʷoːʂɑ] | ||
1PS.SG.PAT TEL-fall | 1PS.SG.PAT TEL-fall | ||
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| Antipassive || mʲaⁿma- || ʎama- | | Antipassive || mʲaⁿma- || ʎama- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Applicative || mʲaɲəʔka- || ʎəka- | | Benefactive Applicative || mʲaɲəʔka- || ʎəka- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Instrumental Applicative || mʲaɲəʔpaⁿ- || ʎəpaⁿ- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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/ˈʂaⁿsəʔ mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ | /ˈʂaⁿsəʔ mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ | ||
[ˈʂɑnsəʔ | [ˈʂɑnsəʔ mʲæɲɵʔ-ˈɫʷoːʂɑ] | ||
boss TEL-fall | boss TEL-fall | ||
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/mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa ˈʂaⁿsəʔ/ | /mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa ˈʂaⁿsəʔ/ | ||
[ | [mʲæɲɵʔ-ˈɫʷoːʂɑ ˈʂɑnsəʔ] | ||
TEL-fall boss | TEL-fall boss | ||
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/ˈʔəʔkʷa mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ | /ˈʔəʔkʷa mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ | ||
[ˈʔʊʔkʷa | [ˈʔʊʔkʷa mʲæɲɵʔ-ˈɫʷoːʂɑ] | ||
1PS.SG.AGT TEL-fall | 1PS.SG.AGT TEL-fall | ||
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/ˈʔacəⁿ mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ | /ˈʔacəⁿ mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ | ||
[ˈʔæceⁿ | [ˈʔæceⁿ mʲæɲɵʔ-ˈɫʷoːʂɑ] | ||
1PS.SG.PAT TEL-fall | 1PS.SG.PAT TEL-fall | ||
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/mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ | /mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ | ||
[ | [mʲæɲɵʔ-ˈɫʷoːʂɑ] | ||
TEL-fall | TEL-fall | ||
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He/she/they was/were biting (with a nuance that the biting was uncontrallable, maybe they had rabies or were zombified or in an uncontrollable rage etc.) | He/she/they was/were biting (with a nuance that the biting was uncontrallable, maybe they had rabies or were zombified or in an uncontrollable rage etc.) | ||
===Benefactive Applicative Voice=== | |||
Thi sused to highlight the beneficiary of an action. It can apply to intransitive verbs i.e. changing the sentence "A did something" into "A did something for B". It can also apply to transtive verbs i.e. changing the sentence "A did something to X" into "A did something to X for B". In both cases, the orginial absolutive argument of the verb is shifted to the end of the sentence, and is marked with the prepositional clitic /dəʔ/. For example, if we take the following intransitive sentence: | |||
/mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa ˈcçada/ | |||
[mʲæɲɵʔ-ˈɫʷoːʂɑ ˈcçæda] | |||
TEL-fall shepherd | |||
A shepherd dropped down. | |||
The above sentence can take the applicative voice to become. | |||
/mʲaɲəʔka-ˈɫʷuːʂa ˈʂaⁿsəʔ dəʔ=ˈcçada/ | |||
[mʲæɲɪʔkɒ-ˈɫʷoːʂɑ ˈʂɑnsəʔ dɪˈcːçæda] | |||
TEL.APPL-fall boss DAT=shepherd | |||
A shepherd dropped down for the boss (maybe prostrating himself). | |||
Either /ˈʂaⁿsəʔ/ - "boss" or /dəʔ=ˈcçada/ - "shepherd" (dative) can be topicalised (moving to before the verb). Both can be deleted if they are obvious from context. So /mʲaɲəʔka-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ could stand as a sentence by itself. | |||
Below is an example of applying the applicative voice to a transitive verb: | |||
/kʷəʔˈta-ɟa ʎə-ˈkəʔta ˈʂaⁿsəʔ/ | |||
[kʷʊˈtːæ-ɟæ ʎɪ-ˈkətːa ˈʂɑnsəʔ/ | |||
dog-ERG ATEL-bite boss | |||
A dog was biting the boss. | |||
/kʷəʔˈta-ɟa ʎəka-ˈkəʔta ˈcçada dəʔ=ˈʂaⁿsəʔ/ | |||
[kʷʊˈtːæ-ɟæ ʎɪka-ˈkətːa ˈcçæda dʌˈʂːɑnsəʔ/ | |||
dog-ERG ATEL.BEN.APPL-bite shepherd DAT=boss | |||
A dog was biting the boss for the shepherd (maybe the shepherd ordered it to attack the boss). | |||
===Instrumental Applicative Voice=== | |||
This functions in a similar way to the benefactive applicative voice. The noun that would normally take the plain absolutive case (i.e. the subject of an intransitive verb, or the direct object of a transitive verb) goes to the end of the sentence and takes the prepositional clitic /dəʔ/. Whatever the subject used to complete the action takes the absolutive case, and is not marked with a preposition e.g. | |||
/kʷəʔˈta-ɟa ʎə-ˈkəʔta ɲəʔ ˈʂaⁿsəʔ/ | |||
[kʷʊˈtːæ-ɟæ ʎɪ-ˈkətːa ɲɪʔ ˈʂɑnsəʔ] | |||
dog-ERG ATEL-bite boss | |||
A dog was biting the boss. | |||
becomes | |||
/kʷəʔˈta-ɟa ʎəpaⁿ-ˈkəʔta ɲəʔ wəʔˈjuːʎəʔ ˈdaⁿtəʔ dəʔ=ˈʂaⁿsəʔ/ | |||
[kʷʊˈtːæ-ɟæ ʎɪpaŋ-ˈkətːa ɲɪʔ wʏʔˈjʉːʎɪʔ ˈdantəʔ dʌˈʂːɑnsəʔ] | |||
dog-ERG ATEL.INSTR.APPL-bite 3PS.GEN sharp tooth DAT=boss | |||
A dog was biting the boss with its sharp teeth. | |||