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Shaj: Difference between revisions
→Verb phrase
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===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
====Copula==== | |||
=====I===== | |||
In the younger varieties of Shaj, the structural copula is not overt, like in Russian, Uzbek, or AAE. Therefore, eŋŋi urɑ ĭk means 'the man is tall,' but is literally "the man tall'. In more formal or archaic was of speaking, the verb i means "am, is, etc." Therefore, Eŋŋi urɑ i ĭk means 'The man is tall.' | |||
=====Zu===== | |||
Like Southwest Romance languages, Shaj has two words that mean to be. I (as stated above) correlates to Spanish ser, but zu correlates to Spanish estar. Zu is not omitted, and bears a more distinct meaning of feeling. Therefore, ʒɑɣ ɣovɑ zu can mean 'I am happy', or 'I feel happy'. | |||
=====Izer===== | |||
The word izer is a hold-over from Old Shaj (i-sêr) that litterally means 'he is' (or be-that). In modern Shaj, it means 'being', or 'to be'. It is used in the phrase etʃizeren, which means 'human beings'. It often takes the place of itu or zutu, both meaning 'to be' in modern Shaj. | |||
====Lexical Verbs==== | |||
=====Tense===== | |||
Unlike most Indo-European languages, verbs are not conjugated. Instead, the verb appears uninflected near the end of a clause, and all information about tense, aspect, or mood follow the verb as separate words. For example ʒɑɣ yŋkɑlĭɑɑ ŭĭr ur means, 'I'm going to go to the castle', but ʒɑɣ yŋkɑlĭɑɑ ŭĭr ɑĭ means 'I went to the castle'. | |||
Usually, the past tense is marked with the word ɑĭ after the verb. However, t̪ɑ is used in rare cases where the speaker is describing an event they have never experienced. Therefore, t̪ɑ is called the historic past, and is often used when telling stories. | |||
Usually, the present tense is left unmarked, but in younger, vernacular varieties of Shaj, u has come to mean present tense. | |||
Shaj splits the future into three parts: far, near, and imminent. The far future corresponds mostly with English's use of 'will', and describes an action that has not yet happened, but is sure to happen sometime. The near future corresponds mostly with English's 'going to', and describes an action that will happen soon, or within a relatively short period of time. The imminent future can be thought of as a subset of the near future, and is used to describe and event that is about to happen imminently or immediately. They are marked vi, ur, and tʃĭ, respectively. | |||
=====Aspect===== | |||
======Perfect and Imperfect===== | |||
Shaj distinguishes many aspects buy using one of the following words between the verb and the tense. There is ɑv, which indicates perfect mood, just like english 'have'. For example, ʒɑɣ ĭe ɑv means 'I have eaten'. There is also ɑv ɑĭ, which indicates pluperfect mood, just like english 'had'. Therefore, ʒɑɣ ĭe ɑv ɑĭ means 'I had eaten'. | |||
======Perfective and Imperfective====== | |||
There is also ĭk, which occurs at the end of many Shaj sentences. It is used to make the meaning of a sentence apply to all or any instance in time. Confused? It kind of means 'usually' or 'always'. When used in the past tense, it has a similar meaning to Spanish's imperfecto. However, unlike Spanish, Shaj can use ĭk in sentences of any tense. For example, nɑ ĭovɑ! means 'She is angry [because of something that just happened]', but Na ĭovɑ ĭk! means 'She is angry' as in 'she is an angry person'. | |||
Imperfective aspect can co-occur with perfect aspect. For example, ni vorəɣɣĭɑ yvvŭĭr ɑv means 'he has [now] climbed the mountain, but ni vorəɣɣĭɑ yvvŭĭr ɑv ĭk means 'he did climb the mountain', or 'he has climbed the mountain at some point'. | |||
===Sentence phrase=== | ===Sentence phrase=== | ||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||