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Suwáá/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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This article covers High Sjowaázh morphology. | This article covers High Sjowaázh morphology. | ||
==Nouns== | |||
===Number=== | |||
High Sjowaázh has singular, dual and plural numbers. Outside of High and Classical Sjowaázh, the dual is only found in some isolated dialects. | High Sjowaázh has singular, dual and plural numbers. Outside of High and Classical Sjowaázh, the dual is only found in some isolated dialects. | ||
Grammatical number is not marked on nouns, rather verbs index the number of their argument nouns. | Grammatical number is not marked on nouns, rather verbs index the number of their argument nouns. | ||
===Possessive prefixes=== | |||
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===Relational nouns=== | |||
Sjowaázh uses relational nouns instead of adpositions. | Sjowaázh uses relational nouns instead of adpositions. | ||
*''c'áakh'' 'next to, near' | *''c'áakh'' 'next to, near' | ||
**''páañgy wac'áakh'' 'next to the man' | **''páañgy wac'áakh'' 'next to the man' | ||
===Noun clitics=== | |||
*''='áh'': focus ("it is X that...") | *''='áh'': focus ("it is X that...") | ||
===Obligatory possession=== | |||
Obligatory possession is used for family members. | Obligatory possession is used for family members. | ||
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*'daughter': kháziil, méziil, wáziil, gyeéziil, zéziil, boziil, chéziil, ólosyiil, dáziil, 'áziil | *'daughter': kháziil, méziil, wáziil, gyeéziil, zéziil, boziil, chéziil, ólosyiil, dáziil, 'áziil | ||
==Emphatic pronouns== | |||
*''khabóoh'' 'I' | *''khabóoh'' 'I' | ||
*''mé'aj'' 'you (sg)' | *''mé'aj'' 'you (sg)' | ||
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*''bajaá' '' 'they' | *''bajaá' '' 'they' | ||
==Verbs== | |||
The number of the subject and object is indexed on the verb if the noun is animate. | The number of the subject and object is indexed on the verb if the noun is animate. | ||
===Verb template=== | |||
*mood/adverbial | *mood/adverbial | ||
*global directional/shape | *global directional/shape | ||
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*discourse marker/nominalizer | *discourse marker/nominalizer | ||
===Adverbial preverbs=== | |||
*''shii-'': again and again, one after another | *''shii-'': again and again, one after another | ||
*gladly | *gladly | ||
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*all of a sudden | *all of a sudden | ||
===Directional preverbs=== | |||
Directionals fall into two types: | Directionals fall into two types: | ||
*Global directionals describe movement towards a final destination or describes a global shape. | *Global directionals describe movement towards a final destination or describes a global shape. | ||
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*''lyo-'': 'forming a line' | *''lyo-'': 'forming a line' | ||
===TAM inflection=== | |||
A characteristic feature of Sjowaázh is | A characteristic feature of Sjowaázh verbs is ablaut for various TAMS. These paradigms tend to be quite complex. | ||
Most Sjowaázh lects have a fixed (large) number of regular ablaut patterns. The number of ablaut patterns, and | Most Sjowaázh lects have a fixed (large) number of regular ablaut patterns. The number of ablaut patterns, and which verb stems fall into which ablaut patterns, depends on the lect. | ||
Example: | Example: | ||
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*I fall in love with you (inceptive) = ''lisjhódagy'' | *I fall in love with you (inceptive) = ''lisjhódagy'' | ||
===Personal affixes=== | |||
Grammatical number is not marked on nouns, rather verbs index the number of their argument nouns. | Grammatical number is not marked on nouns, rather verbs index the number of their argument nouns. | ||
====Unipersonal==== | |||
These prefixes are used with intransitive verbs or transitive verbs where the subject, or the object, or both are 3rd person. | These prefixes are used with intransitive verbs or transitive verbs where the subject, or the object, or both are 3rd person. | ||
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====Bipersonal==== | |||
These prefixes are used with transitive verbs only. | These prefixes are used with transitive verbs only. | ||
*''li-'': 2 > 1 | *''li-'': 2 > 1 | ||
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**Example: ''khasjhógy'' = I love him/her; ''kha'''gi'''sjhógy'' = s/he loves me | **Example: ''khasjhógy'' = I love him/her; ''kha'''gi'''sjhógy'' = s/he loves me | ||
===Voice=== | |||
*Transitivizer/Causative | *Transitivizer/Causative | ||
*Detransitivizer/Passive | *Detransitivizer/Passive | ||
===Discourse affixes=== | |||
Sjowaázh lects use discourse verbal affixes to reflect the speaker's attitude, degree of surprise, or other things; not using them may come across as clinical, stilted, or overly posh. High Sjowaázh normally uses discourse affixes less often than do other Sjowaázh lects, and uses "degree of surprise" affixes more frequently than attitudinal affixes. On average, female High Sjowaázh speakers use attitudinal affixes more frequently than male speakers. | Sjowaázh lects use discourse verbal affixes to reflect the speaker's attitude, degree of surprise, or other things; not using them may come across as clinical, stilted, or overly posh. High Sjowaázh normally uses discourse affixes less often than do other Sjowaázh lects, and uses "degree of surprise" affixes more frequently than attitudinal affixes. On average, female High Sjowaázh speakers use attitudinal affixes more frequently than male speakers. | ||
Poetic High Sjowaázh may use archaic discourse affixes used in Classical Sjowaázh. | Poetic High Sjowaázh may use archaic discourse affixes used in Classical Sjowaázh. | ||
===Incorporation=== | |||
Incorporation is no longer productive in High Sjowaázh and is considered a poetic device. | Incorporation is no longer productive in High Sjowaázh and is considered a poetic device. | ||
==Numerals== | |||
Numerals are really verbs: "one", "two", etc. are verbs meaning "to be one", "to be two", etc. | Numerals are really verbs: "one", "two", etc. are verbs meaning "to be one", "to be two", etc. | ||