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Kämpya: Difference between revisions
Revised negation
(Added bit about emphatic accusative pronouns being used with prepositions) |
(Revised negation) |
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====With Pronouns==== | ====With Pronouns==== | ||
The nominative pronouns discussed earlier can also be the subject of transitive verbs, | The nominative pronouns discussed earlier can also be the subject of transitive verbs. However, after the verb, there needs to be a particle that marks whether or not the object of the transitive verb belongs to the subject, and, if so, whether the possession is alienable or inalienable. These are: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| Subject Possesses Object Inalienably || sè | |||
|- | |||
| Subject Possesses Object Alienably || sḛ́ | |||
|- | |||
| Subject does not Possess Object || ðì | |||
|} | |||
/sè/ and /ðì/ are both clitics that attach phonologically to the preceding word. | |||
Here are some examples: | |||
/jéi=káiʔk=ðì gáʔɾ/ | |||
2PS.NOM=bite=TRANS lizard | |||
You are biting the lizard (which doesn't belong to you). | |||
/jéi=káiʔk sḛ́ gáʔɾ/ | |||
2PS.NOM=bite own.ALIENABLE lizard | |||
You are biting your lizard. | |||
2PS.NOM=bite | /jéi=káiʔk sḛ́ áˈjòṳ̤/ | ||
2PS.NOM=bite own.ALIENABLE bone | |||
You are biting your bone (as in a dish on the table, not in your own body). | |||
/jéi=káiʔk=sè áˈjòṳ/ | |||
2PS.NOM=bite=own.INALIENABLE bone | |||
You are biting your bone (in your body). | |||
As before, the object can be fronted as a topic e.g. | As before, the object can be fronted as a topic e.g. | ||
/gáʔɾ jéi=káiʔk/ | /gáʔɾ jéi=káiʔk=ðì/ | ||
lizard 2PS.NOM=bite | lizard 2PS.NOM=bite=TRANS | ||
You are biting the lizard. | You are biting the lizard. | ||
However, the subject pronoun still come immediately before the verb, so sentences like */jéi gáʔɾ káiʔk/ are ungrammatical. | However, the subject pronoun still come immediately before the verb, so sentences like */jéi gáʔɾ káiʔk ðì/ are ungrammatical. | ||
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When both the subject and the object of a verb are pronouns, the subject comes first e.g. | When both the subject and the object of a verb are pronouns, the subject comes first, and there is no particle that indicates whether or not the subject possesses the object e.g. | ||
jéi=swí=káiʔk | jéi=swí=káiʔk | ||
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===Basic Pattern=== | ===Basic Pattern=== | ||
The basic way to negate something is to place the | The basic way to negate something is to place the clitic /na/ immediately before it e.g. from the sentence | ||
/ | /ŋí=káiʔk kʰwèi̤/ | ||
2PS. | 2PS.ACC=bite dog. | ||
You | You were bitten by the dog. | ||
We can say | We can say | ||
/ | /ŋí=ná=káiʔk kʰwèi̤/ | ||
2PS. | 2PS.ACC=NEG=bite dog | ||
You | You weren't bitten by the dog. | ||
as well as | as well as | ||
/ná= | /ná=ŋí=káiʔk kʰwèi̤/ | ||
NEG=2PS. | NEG=2PS.ACC=bite dog | ||
'''You''' | '''You''' weren't bitten by the dog. / It's not you that was bitten by the dog. | ||
and | and | ||
/ | /ŋí=káiʔk ná=kʰwèi̤/ | ||
2PS.ACC=bite NEG=dog | |||
You weren't bitten by '''the dog'''. / It wasn't the dog that bit you. | |||
However, when a noun is topicalised, it cannot be attached to /na/. So */ná́=kʰwèi̤ ŋí=káiʔk/ is ungrammatical. | |||
As we can see, | As we can see, /na/ can attach to either nouns or verbs. It can also attach to adjectives e.g. | ||
/ŋí=káiʔk ná=nòuʔp kʰwèi̤/ | |||
2PS.ACC=bite NEG=small.REST dog | |||
You weren't bitten by the '''small''' dog (i.e. you were bitten by the big one) | |||
And adverbs e.g. | |||
/ŋí=káiʔk nà=néʔk kʰwèi̤/ | |||
2PS.ACC=bite NEG=deep.ADV dog | |||
You weren't bitten '''deeply''' by the dog. | |||
However, if the word after /na/ begins with a vowel, an epenthetic /w/ is inserted e.g. | However, if the word after /na/ begins with a vowel, an epenthetic /w/ is inserted e.g. | ||
/ | /ŋí=náw=áˈlôṵn kʰwèi̤/ | ||
2PS. | 2PS.ACC=NEG=abandon dog | ||
You | You weren't abandoned by the dog. | ||