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Tevrés: Difference between revisions
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| DEF-T.NOM.SG elder-NOM.SG give-PFV.3PL pen-ACC.PL DEF-T.DAT.SG child-DAT.SG | | DEF-T.NOM.SG elder-NOM.SG give-PFV.3PL pen-ACC.PL DEF-T.DAT.SG child-DAT.SG | ||
|'The elder gave the child some pens'}} | |'The elder gave the child some pens'}} | ||
It has another, albeit minor, role in the ergative verb paradigm, where it acts as an [[w:Absolutive case|absolutive case]], marking the patient or direct object when that argument is either the first or second person. Because Tevrés is heavily [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]] and marks 1st and 2nd person patients on verbs in the ergative paradigm these arguments are usually dropped. However, they can be reintroduced for emphasis, and when they are, they appear in the nominative-genitive. | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| tego oyel lla harina | |||
| 1SG-ABS.EMP see-ERG.1SG DEF-T.ERG.SG priest-ERG.SG | |||
|'The priest sees me'}} | |||
The nominative-genitive may also be used to express relation, ownership, or other connection between two nouns. In these cases, the modified noun (the ''head'') come first, and the modifying noun (the ''dependant'') second; e.g. ''uy-gotejo-uy-vuestre'' (the elder's cap) not ''**uy-vuestre-uy-gotejo''. Often times these phrases are joined by dashes, as shown in the previous example. When the nominative-genitive is used in this way, it is glossed {{interlinear|GEN}}. Furthermore, the definite article ''uy'' in these cases is usually reduced in fast speech and pronounced [i]. | The nominative-genitive may also be used to express relation, ownership, or other connection between two nouns. In these cases, the modified noun (the ''head'') come first, and the modifying noun (the ''dependant'') second; e.g. ''uy-gotejo-uy-vuestre'' (the elder's cap) not ''**uy-vuestre-uy-gotejo''. Often times these phrases are joined by dashes, as shown in the previous example. When the nominative-genitive is used in this way, it is glossed {{interlinear|GEN}}. Furthermore, the definite article ''uy'' in these cases is usually reduced in fast speech and pronounced [i]. | ||
Tevrés [[w:Genitive construction|genitive contstuctions]] may optionally distinguish relationships initiated with or without the dependants control over the head by using prepositions. The following table illustrates the ''a''-genitive and the ''eu''-genitive. In action nouns, the ''eu''-genitive dependant corresponds to the head action's subject, and the ''a''-genitive dependant to its object. Using ''eu'' implies that the dependant is active, influential, or formative towards the head, whilst the use of ''a'' implies that the head is active, influential, or formative towards the dependant. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | ||
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| ''lla-toladre-'''el'''-res''<br>the army sent after the king | | ''lla-toladre-'''el'''-res''<br>the army sent after the king | ||
|} | |} | ||
The [[w:Dative case|dative]]-[[w:Accusative case|accusative]] case is used to mark the patient (also called the object) of transitive verbs, and both the theme (direct object) and recipient (indirect object) of ditransitive verbs. While in theory the overlap of these two roles may lead to confusion, in practice confusion is rare, and usually resolved via context. In cases where resolution of ambiguity is necessary the preposition ''a'' (''alo'' or ''alon'') with the definite article) may be used to mark the indirect object. | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| tego oyel lla harina | |||
| 1SG-ABS.EMP see-ERG.1SG DEF-T.ERG.SG priest-ERG.SG | |||
|'The priest sees me'}} | |||
The dative-accusative can also be used with the ''a''-[[w:Applicative voice|applicative]] to mark the benefactor of an action, or with the ''co''-applicative to mark accompaniment. | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| çi mientron a-jovan harenan | |||
| REFL-GEN sibling-DAT.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>write-3PL letter-ACC.PL | |||
|'They write letters for their siblings'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| garinon co-teudo tin | |||
| friend-DAT.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>drink-PFV.1SG tea-ACC.SG | |||
|'I drank tea with friends'}} | |||
===Articles=== | ===Articles=== | ||