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Old Shalaian/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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The Great Flulfening
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Genitive noun phrases use possessive affixes on the possessed noun: | Genitive noun phrases use possessive affixes on the possessed noun: | ||
:''ni chaast'''s''' rái'chal'' = Rachel's friend (weak possession) | :''ni chaast'''s''' rái'chal'' = Rachel's friend (weak possession) | ||
:'''''in'''- | :'''''in'''-lásh rái'chal'' = Rachel's hand (strong possession) | ||
===Nominal sentences=== | ===Nominal sentences=== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} is zero-copula for nominal sentences and for predicative adjuncts such as '' | {{PAGENAME}} is zero-copula for nominal sentences and for predicative adjuncts such as ''lar roft'' 'at home'. Nominal sentences in the present tense are negated with the preverb ''thoor''. | ||
:'''''Am shaanft | :'''''Am shaanft lánameen swid?''''' | ||
:Q.PRES woman-3SG.AN | :Q.PRES woman-3SG.AN lánameen 2SG | ||
:''Are you | :''Are you lánameen's wife/girlfriend?'' | ||
:'''''Thoor, sháanfalna fin.''''' | :'''''Thoor, sháanfalna fin.''''' | ||
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:''No, she's *my* girlfriend.'' | :''No, she's *my* girlfriend.'' | ||
:'''''Am | :'''''Am lar roft Inthar? Thoor.''''' | ||
:''Is Inthar home? No, they're not.'' | :''Is Inthar home? No, they're not.'' | ||
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:''Who are you?'' | :''Who are you?'' | ||
:''''' | :'''''laib lōkh swid?''''' | ||
:where PST 2SG | :where PST 2SG | ||
:''Where have you been?'' | :''Where have you been?'' | ||
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Verbal wh-questions are always cleft sentences: The material after the wh-word becomes a relative clause with the wh-word as the head. The relative clause can be a ''cha''-clause vs. a ''vi''-clause: | Verbal wh-questions are always cleft sentences: The material after the wh-word becomes a relative clause with the wh-word as the head. The relative clause can be a ''cha''-clause vs. a ''vi''-clause: | ||
:'''''Yan vi | :'''''Yan vi tálti?''''' | ||
:yan vi ta- | :yan vi ta-lát-i | ||
:what VI.PRES 2SG.S-see-INF | :what VI.PRES 2SG.S-see-INF | ||
:''What do you see?'' (lit. What is that which you see?) | :''What do you see?'' (lit. What is that which you see?) | ||
:'''''Yakh | :'''''Yakh lan do'ch alt vikh rṓzhas?''''' | ||
:yakh | :yakh lan do'ch a-lát-0 vikh rōzh-as | ||
:who here CHA.NEG.PRES 3SG.A-see-3SG.I VI.PST do.INF-3SG.H | :who here CHA.NEG.PRES 3SG.A-see-3SG.I VI.PST do.INF-3SG.H | ||
:''Who here does not see what she (hon.) has done?'' (lit. Who here is it that does not see that which she has done?) | :''Who here does not see what she (hon.) has done?'' (lit. Who here is it that does not see that which she has done?) | ||
==='There is' and 'have'=== | ==='There is' and 'have'=== | ||
'There is' clauses use the word ''whid'' at the beginning of the word, and have-possessives use the structure ''whid'' + the thing possessed + the preposition '' | 'There is' clauses use the word ''whid'' at the beginning of the word, and have-possessives use the structure ''whid'' + the thing possessed + the preposition ''lar'' + possessor. The negative of ''whid'' is ''yaan'ch'' 'there is not' (etymologically from an interrogative *yan cha' whid "where is..."), and the negative interrogative form is ''maand''. | ||
:'''''Yaan'ch vózhleedash | :'''''Yaan'ch vózhleedash lar áifer.''''' | ||
:''There is no justice in this (fact or situation).'' | :''There is no justice in this (fact or situation).'' | ||
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====Transitives==== | ====Transitives==== | ||
Transitive verbs (such as 'to hit') mark both persons on the verb. Passive verbs formed from transitives behave like intransitives and take the absolutive argument for the "patient" just like the active counterpart does. The antipassive turns the agent into the absolutive argument and uses '' | Transitive verbs (such as 'to hit') mark both persons on the verb. Passive verbs formed from transitives behave like intransitives and take the absolutive argument for the "patient" just like the active counterpart does. The antipassive turns the agent into the absolutive argument and uses ''lar'' with the patient. | ||
====Ditransitives==== | ====Ditransitives==== | ||
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There are conjunctions for time clauses. | There are conjunctions for time clauses. | ||
However, the infinitive construction '' | However, the infinitive construction ''lar'' + infinitive is more commonly used: | ||
*'' | *''lar zhá'unal'' = when I awake/have awakened | ||
*''zhar't lidanzháis láathvai, chōns | *''zhar't lidanzháis láathvai, chōns lar kháir't.'' (FUT 1SG-APP-come-3SG.A together every LOC go-3SG.A = Whenever she goes, I'm going together with her.'') | ||
In infinitive clauses, the possessor of the infinitive is the absolutive noun, and ''mi'' is used in front of the ergative noun. | In infinitive clauses, the possessor of the infinitive is the absolutive noun, and ''mi'' is used in front of the ergative noun. | ||
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The syntax ''vair'' + form of ''cha'' is used when comparing clauses: | The syntax ''vair'' + form of ''cha'' is used when comparing clauses: | ||
:'''''Ashfíl'azhal, lōkh tirṓj | :'''''Ashfíl'azhal, lōkh tirṓj thols vair chakh lidanrú'k.''''' | ||
:''Congrats, you did [it] better than I expected.'' | :''Congrats, you did [it] better than I expected.'' | ||
The syntax ''vair'' + possessed form of the infinitive is used for clauses of the form "too ADJ for NOUN to VERB". | The syntax ''vair'' + possessed form of the infinitive is used for clauses of the form "too ADJ for NOUN to VERB". | ||
:'''''Khom ħi qōv | :'''''Khom ħi qōv lirwhálan vair shéerishawh thóolab.''''' | ||
:be_at.3SG.I DEF.SG.I death COMP-evil than neglect-INF-1PL from-3SG.I | :be_at.3SG.I DEF.SG.I death COMP-evil than neglect-INF-1PL from-3SG.I | ||
:''Death is too evil for us to neglect.'' (lit. more evil than our neglecting it) | :''Death is too evil for us to neglect.'' (lit. more evil than our neglecting it) | ||