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edits
Ash: Difference between revisions
Capitalising anglicised personal names in glosses and fixing outdated stuff.
m (→Possession: Another name and better vocab.) |
(Capitalising anglicised personal names in glosses and fixing outdated stuff.) |
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|oas ga dodsa <u>n</u> edse ga}} | |phrase={{ash|oas ga dodsa <u>n</u> edse ga}} | ||
|gloss= | |gloss=Oas=CLF.TOP smoke.INT.IND=Q see.INT.IRR=DECL | ||
|translation=I'm told Oas likes looking at trains | |translation=I'm told Oas likes looking at trains | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 423: | Line 423: | ||
====Agency==== | ====Agency==== | ||
Transitivity and volition are tied up in a single grammatical category termed agency. Direct agency is explicitly marked, and the roles of agent and patient can be swapped without a change in word order by way of an inversion marker on the verb. The purpose of this is topicalisation, leaving the topic in the subject position. The subject requires such a topical marker, which will be detailed in the section on locative verbs. | Ash is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%E2%80%93inverse_alignment direct-inverse language]. Transitivity and volition are tied up in a single grammatical category termed agency. Direct agency is explicitly marked, and the roles of agent and patient can be swapped without a change in word order by way of an inversion marker on the verb. The purpose of this is topicalisation, leaving the topic in the subject position. The subject requires such a topical marker, which will be detailed in the section on locative verbs. | ||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba ẻ<u>hw</u>ea ga}} | |||
|gloss=Ao=CLF.TOP dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP | |||
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog | |||
}} | |||
A simple transitive phrase like this cannot be directly inverted because the unmarked noun right before the verb is an object. | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase=*{{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga}} | |||
|gloss=Ao=CLF.TOP dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP | |||
|translation=*"Ao is being watched the dog" | |||
}} | |||
Such a phrase needs to have the agent moved after the verb-final clitic and classified in its own right. | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga bahba go}} | |||
|gloss=Ao=CLF.TOP PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP dog=CLF | |||
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog; watching Ao was the dog | |||
}} | |||
However with ditransitive verbs such as causatives this is possible. | |||
{| | {| | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash| | |phrase={{ash|oas ga sa͠a ỏ<u>hh</u>oyya ga bahba go}} | ||
|gloss= | |gloss=Oas=CLF.TOP water DIST-<u>DIR</u>-eat.CAUS.RLS=REP dog=CLF | ||
|translation= | |translation=it was Oas who gave the dog water to drink | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash| | |phrase={{ash|oas ga sa͠a ỏ<u>ss</u>oyya ga bahba go}} | ||
|gloss= | |gloss=Oas=CLF.TOP water DIST-<u>INV</u>-eat.CAUS.RLS=REP dog=CLF | ||
|translation= | |translation=it was Oas the dog offered water to | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga oadnah ảyısa͠a ma}} | |phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga oadnah ảyısa͠a ma}} | ||
|gloss= | |gloss=Ao=CLF.TOP shine.INCH.RLS-DUR REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS=NEG | ||
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | |translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga}} | |phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga}} | ||
|gloss= | |gloss=Ao=CLF.TOP dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.RLS=REP | ||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba meh<u>da</u> ỏdsoyya ga}} | |phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba meh<u>da</u> ỏdsoyya ga}} | ||
|gloss= | |gloss=Ao=CLF.TOP dog burn-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.RLS=REP | ||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo {{AshMidhook|ảo}} | |phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ẻhbadsas yo {{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=CLF.TOP | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=CLF.TOP PROX-DIR-hand.INTS.RLS-CONJ=DECL Ao=CLF | ||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba go onda egoa e}} | |phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba go onda egoa e}} | ||
|gloss= | |gloss=Ao=CLF.TOP dog=CLF.TOP DIST-LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.RLS=EXP | ||
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there | |translation=Ao and the dog are over there | ||
}} | }} | ||