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単亜語: Difference between revisions

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単亜語 (view source)

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[[File:East_Asian_Cultural_Sphere.png|right|300px]]
[[File:East_Asian_Cultural_Sphere.png|right|300px]]


{{PAGENAME}} is a zonal auxlang<ref>http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/</ref> intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere]].  It uses Chinese characters for all of its native writing, with some forms being simplified according to the [[w:Shinjitai]]/新字体 standards of Japan.  Bopomofo is used for foreign sounds or phonetic spelling.  It is not [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]], mostly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]], [[w:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], [[w:Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]], uses [[w:Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]], [[w:Zero copula|copula-drop]], and uses postpositions.
{{PAGENAME}} is a zonal auxlang<ref>http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/</ref> intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere]].  It uses Chinese characters for all of its native writing, with some forms being simplified according to the [[w:Shinjitai]]/新字体 standards of Japan.  [[w:Hangul]] is used for foreign sounds or phonetic spelling.  It is not [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]], mostly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]], [[w:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], [[w:Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]], uses [[w:Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]], [[w:Zero copula|copula-drop]], and uses postpositions.


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
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|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" | Nasals
! colspan="2" | Nasals
|'''ㄇ''' <small>/m/</small>
|'''ㅁ''' <small>/m/</small>
|'''ㄋ''' <small>/n/</small>
|'''ㄴ''' <small>/n/</small>
|
|
|'''ㄫ''' <small> /ŋ~ɴ/</small>
|'''ㅇ''' <small> /ŋ~ɴ/</small>
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! <small> voiced/plain </small>
! <small> voiced/plain </small>
|'''ㄅ''' <small>/p~b/</small>
|'''ㅂ''' <small>/p~b/</small>
|'''ㄉ''' <small>/t~d/</small>
|'''ㄷ''' <small>/t~d/</small>
|
|
|'''ㄍ''' <small>/k~g/</small>
|'''ㄱ''' <small>/k~g/</small>
|
|
|-
|-
! <small> asp./glot. </small>
! <small> asp./glot. </small>
| '''ㄆ''' <small>/pʰ~pʼ/</small>
| '''ㅍ''' <small>/pʰ~pʼ/</small>
| '''ㄊ''' <small>/tʰ~tʼ/</small>
| '''ㅌ''' <small>/tʰ~tʼ/</small>
|
|
| '''ㄎ''' <small>/kʰ~kʼ/</small>
| '''ㅋ''' <small>/kʰ~kʼ/</small>
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Affricate
! colspan="2" | Affricate
| ||
| ||
| '''ㄐ''' <small>/t͡s~t͡ɕ~c/</small>
| '''ㅈ''' <small>/t͡s~t͡ɕ~c/</small>
|
|
|
|
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! colspan="2" | Fricatives
! colspan="2" | Fricatives
|
|
| colspan="2" | '''ㄙ''' <small>/s ~ z ~ ɕ/</small>
| colspan="2" | '''ㅅ''' <small>/s ~ z ~ ɕ/</small>
| colspan="2" |'''ㄏ''' <small>/h ~ ɦ ~ x/</small>
| colspan="2" |'''ㅎ''' <small>/h ~ ɦ ~ x/</small>
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Liquids
! colspan="2" | Liquids
|
|
|'''ㄌ''' <small>/l ~ ɾ/</small>
|'''ㄹ''' <small>/l ~ ɾ/</small>
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximants
! colspan="2" | Approximants
| '''ㄨ''' <small>/w~ɰᵝ/</small>
| '''와''' <small>/w~ɰᵝ/</small>
|
|
| '''ㄩ''' <small>/j/</small>
| '''야''' <small>/j/</small>
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
! High
! High
| '''ㄧ''' <small>/i ~ ɪ/</small>
| '''이''' <small>/i ~ ɪ/</small>
|
|
| '''ㄨ''' <small>/u ~ ʊ/</small>
| '''우/으''' <small>/u ~ ʊ/</small>
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
| colspan="2" | '''ㄝ''' <small>/e ~ ɛ ~ ə/</small>
| colspan="2" | '''에''' <small>/e ~ ɛ ~ ə/</small>
| '''ㄛ''' <small>/o ~ ɔ/</small>
| '''오''' <small>/o ~ ɔ/</small>
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| colspan="3" | '''ㄚ''' <small>/a ~ ä ~ ɑ/</small>
| colspan="3" | '''아''' <small>/a ~ ä ~ ɑ/</small>
|}
|}


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* Vm
* Vm
* Vp, Vt, Vk
* Vp, Vt, Vk
Syllables that begin with /w/ must have /a/ as a rime, but also /wei/.  Syllables that begin with /y/ may not have /i/ as a rime.  Syllables that begin with /k/ or /h/ and have a coda must have /a/ or /e/ as a rime.  CH-initial syllables cannot take /ja/ as a rime.  Remember also that some will say /s/+/y/ and /s/+/i/ as /ɕ/, but that we do not ever write ㄒ.
Syllables that begin with /w/ must have /a/ as a rime, but also /wei/.  Syllables that begin with /y/ may not have /i/ as a rime.  Syllables that begin with g, k, or h and have a coda, must have /a/ or /e/ as a rime.  CH-initial syllables cannot take /ja/ as a rime.  Remember also that some will say /s/+/y/ and /s/+/i/ as /ɕ/.
 


== Writing ==
== Writing ==
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The form of Chinese characters have changed in the last century, with the development of Simplified Characters in Mainland China.  However, these are not taught in Korea and elsewhere.  Therefore, a medial position has been chosen, that of Japanese [[w:Shinjitai]] (新字体).   
The form of Chinese characters have changed in the last century, with the development of Simplified Characters in Mainland China.  However, these are not taught in Korea and elsewhere.  Therefore, a medial position has been chosen, that of Japanese [[w:Shinjitai]] (新字体).   


Because Chinese characters do not contain enough phonetic information, and because transcribing sounds is also needed, a phonetic alphabet is also needed.  Katakana is useful, but is not helpful in spelling foreign words.  Hangul is closer, but cannot specify diphthong.  The Latin alphabet was deemed not indigenous enough.  Bopomofo was chosen because it required the least modification.  Whenever possibly needed in order to facilitate learning by newcomers, Bopomofo should be written as Ruby, like this:  {{ruby|東京|ㄉㄛㄫㄍㄝㄫ}}.  Only words which are not {{PAGENAME}} should be written as Bopomofo alone: ㄉㄜㄜㄍㄩㄛㄛ.  Foreign words maybe spelled with ㄈㄑㄒㄓㄔㄕㄖㄗㄘ.
Because Chinese characters do not contain enough phonetic information, and because transcribing sounds is also needed, a phonetic alphabet is also needed.  Katakana is useful, but is not helpful in spelling foreign words.  The Latin alphabet was deemed not indigenous enough.  Hangul was chosen because it required the least modification.  Whenever possibly needed in order to facilitate learning by newcomers, Hangul should be written as Ruby, like this:  {{ruby|東京|동겡}}.  Only words which are not {{PAGENAME}} should be written as 한글 alone: 도오교오.  Foreign words maybe spelled with ㅊ and illegal clusters.
 
The {{PAGENAME}} system of Hangul is slightly different from standard Korean.  Some syllables must be written with two blocks, for one of two reasons.  Syllables in {{PAGENAME}} -- like Mandarin -- may end in /n/ or /ŋ/.  These two may be written in the underneath-slot in Hangul.  However, syllables may also end with a simple stop --- like Korean, Vietnamese, and Cantonese but '''''unlike''''' Japanese or Mandarin --- so they must be written separately with the dummy vowel 으.  Second, {{PAGENAME}} syllables may end in an off-glide, which have to be written separately as  이 or 우.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg  mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
! colspan="25" | {{PAGENAME}} Syllables in Hangul
|-
! Final→<br>Initial↓ || ㄴ || ㅁ || ㅇ || ㅂ || ㄷ || ㄱ || ㅣ || ㅜ
|-
| 가 || 간 || 감 || 강 || 갑ˉ || 갇ˉ || 각ˉ || 가̩ || 가̞
|-
| 게 || 겐 || 겜 || 겡 || 겝ˉ || 갇ˉ || 겍ˉ || 게̩ ||
|-
| 고 || || || 공 || 곱ˉ || 곧ˉ || 곡ˉ || ||
|-
| 구 || || || || 굽ˉ || 굳ˉ || 국ˉ || ||
|-
| 기 || || || || 깁ˉ || 긷ˉ || 긱ˉ || ||
|-
| 나 || 난 || 남 || 낭 || 납ˉ || 낟ˉ || 낙ˉ || 나̩ || 나̞
|-
| 냐 || 냔 || 냠 || 냥 || 냡ˉ || 냗ˉ || 냑ˉ || 냐̩ || 냐̞ 
|-
| 네 || 넨 || 넴 || 넹 || 넵ˉ || 넫ˉ || 넥ˉ || 네̩ || 네̞
|-
| 노 || 논 || 놈 ||  || 놉ˉ || 녿ˉ || 녹ˉ || ||
|-
| 누 || 눈 || 눔 ||  || 눕ˉ || 눋ˉ || 눅ˉ || 누̩ ||
|-
| 니 || 닌 || 님 || 닝 || 닙ˉ || 닏ˉ || 닉 || ||
|-
| 다 || 단 || 담 || 당 || 답ˉ || 닫ˉ || 닥ˉ || 다̩ || 다̞
|-
| 댜 || 댠 || 댬 || 댱 || 댭ˉ || 댣ˉ || 댝ˉ || 댜̩ || 댜̞
|-
| 데 || 덴 || 뎀 || 뎅 || 뎁ˉ || 덷ˉ || 덱ˉ || 데̩ ||
|-
| 도 || 돈 || 돔 || 동 || 돕ˉ || 돋ˉ || 독ˉ ||
|-
| 두 || 둔 || 둠 || || 둡ˉ || 둗ˉ || 둑ˉ || 두̩ ||
|-
| 라 || 란 || 람 || 랑 || 랍ˉ || 랃ˉ || 락ˉ || 라̩ || 라̞
|-
| 레 || 렌 || 렘 || 렝 || 렙ˉ || 렏ˉ || 렉ˉ || 레̩ ||
|-
| 카 || 칸 || 캄 || 캉 || 캅ˉ || 칻ˉ || 칵ˉ || 카̩ || 카̞
|-
| 케 || 켄 || 켐 || 켕 || 켑ˉ || 켇ˉ || 켁ˉ || 케̩ ||
|-
| 코 || || || || || || || ||
|-
| 쿠 || || || || || || || ||
|-
| 키 || || || || || || || ||
|}


Because of the Unicode standard and machine sorting, alphabetical order is ㄅㄆㄇㄉㄊㄋㄌㄍㄎㄏㄐㄙㄚㄛㄜㄝㄧㄨㄩㄫ.


== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
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=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
{{ruby|<big>象</big>|ㄙㄩㄚㄫ}}{{ruby|者|ㄐㄚ}} {{ruby|<big>飛行機</big>|ㄅㄧㄏㄚㄫㄍㄧ}} {{ruby|<big>用</big>|ㄩㄚㄫ}} {{ruby|<big>汽油</big>|ㄎㄧㄩㄨ}}
{{ruby|<big>象</big>|샹}}{{ruby|者|자}} {{ruby|<big>飛行機</big>|비항기}} {{ruby|<big>用</big>|양}} {{ruby|<big>汽油</big>|키유}}


''Regarding elephants, airplanes use gasoline.''
''Regarding elephants, airplanes use gasoline.''
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Unlike English, most of the languages of Asia are verb-centric.  This can be discerned by the fact that adjectives are stative verbs, not substantive nouns.  In all the languages of our region, nouns are not marked for number, gender, or case.   
Unlike English, most of the languages of Asia are verb-centric.  This can be discerned by the fact that adjectives are stative verbs, not substantive nouns.  In all the languages of our region, nouns are not marked for number, gender, or case.   


Word order determines a great deal of meaning.  Topics must come first in the sentence and be marked with the postposition {{ruby|者|ㄐㄚ}}.  The subject may be dropped.  Postpositional phrases must come before the verb.  Objects must come after the verb.  Topics serve a variety of grammatical roles, but one of the most important is possession, which is indicated by POSSESSOR-topic POSSESSEE exist.
Word order determines a great deal of meaning.  Topics must come first in the sentence and be marked with the postposition {{ruby|者|자}}.  The subject may be dropped.  Postpositional phrases must come before the verb.  Objects must come after the verb.  Topics serve a variety of grammatical roles, but one of the most important is possession, which is indicated by POSSESSOR-topic POSSESSEE exist.


==== NP ====
==== NP ====
The noun phrase consists of an optional determiner ({{ruby|此|ㄐㄧ}}, {{ruby|其|ㄍㄧ}}, or {{ruby|彼|ㄅㄧ}}), any adjectival phrases, the noun itself, an optional honorific suffix ({{ruby|尊|ㄐㄛㄋ}}), an optional plural suffix (simple or associative), and an optional classifier phrase.
The noun phrase consists of an optional determiner ({{ruby|此|지}}, {{ruby|其|기}}, or {{ruby|彼|비}}), any adjectival phrases, the noun itself, an optional honorific suffix ({{ruby|尊|존}}), an optional plural suffix (simple or associative), and an optional classifier phrase.


==== Pronouns ====
==== Pronouns ====
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=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
Verb phrases consist of an optional negative particle {{ruby|不|ㄅㄨㄉ}}, any number of simple verbs for serialization (each with the particle {{ruby|還|ㄏㄚㄋ}} suffixed}}, the one (or only) head verb, with optional honorific marker ({{ruby|尊|ㄐㄛㄋ}}), and aspect marker (ø for imperfective, {{ruby|了|ㄌㄚㄨ}} for perfective, {{ruby|過|ㄍㄚ}} for historic past, or {{ruby|就|ㄐㄨ}} for irrealis).
Verb phrases consist of an optional negative particle {{ruby|不|붇'}}, any number of simple verbs for serialization (each with the particle {{ruby|還|한}} suffixed}}, the one (or only) head verb, with optional honorific marker ({{ruby|尊|존}}), and aspect marker (ø for imperfective, {{ruby|了|라̞}} for perfective, {{ruby|過|가}} for historic past, or {{ruby|就|주}} for irrealis).
<references />
<references />


=== Sentence Final Particles ===
=== Sentence Final Particles ===
Every utterance other than simple, declarative sentences must end in a sentence final particle.
Every utterance other than simple, declarative sentences must end in a sentence final particle.
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