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Balog: Difference between revisions
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! ejective | ! ejective | ||
| | | /pʼ/ <sup>6</sup><br>‹'''pq'''› || || /tʼ/ <sup>3,</sup><sup>6</sup><br>‹'''tq'''› || || || /kʼ/ <sup>6</sup><br>‹'''kq'''› || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" | Affricate | ! rowspan="3" | Affricate | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! ejective | ! ejective | ||
| || || /t͡sʼ/ <sup>6,</sup><sup>7</sup><br>‹'''tsq'''› || /t͡ʃʼ/ <sup>6,</sup><sup>7</sup><br>‹'''tšq''' / '''tshq'''› || || || || | | || || /t͡sʼ/ <sup>6,</sup><sup>7</sup><br>‹'''tsq'''› || /t͡ʃʼ/ <sup>6,</sup><sup>7</sup><br>‹'''tšq''' / '''tshq'''› || || || || | ||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | Lateral affricate | |||
! voiced | |||
| || || /d͡ɮ/ <sup>7</sup><br>‹'''dl'''› || || || || || | |||
|- | |||
! voiceless | |||
| || || /t͡ɬ/ <sup>7</sup><br>‹'''tl'''› || || || || || | |||
|- | |||
! ejective | |||
| || || /t͡ɬʼ/ <sup>6,</sup><sup>7</sup><br>‹'''tlq'''› || || || || || | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Fricative | ! rowspan="2" | Fricative | ||
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# The voiced plosives /b d g/ are frequently pronounced as implosives ''post pausa'': [ɓ ɗ~ɗ̪ ɠ] | # The voiced plosives /b d g/ are frequently pronounced as implosives ''post pausa'': [ɓ ɗ~ɗ̪ ɠ] | ||
# The voiceless plosives /p t k/ are generally unaspirated although aspirated pronunciations may be found, especially by L2 speakers: [pʰ tʰ~t̪ʰ kʰ]. The glottal plosive /ʔ/ is never aspirated. | # The voiceless plosives /p t k/ are generally unaspirated although aspirated pronunciations may be found, especially by L2 speakers: [pʰ tʰ~t̪ʰ kʰ]. The glottal plosive /ʔ/ is never aspirated. | ||
# The ejective consonants /pʼ tʼ kʼ t͡sʼ t͡ʃʼ/ are frequently pronounced irregularly by L2 speakers who lack ejective consonants in their native languages. As there are many minimal pairs that can result in dangerous misunderstandings if the ejective consonants are not pronounced, many L2 speakers who are unable to pronounce the ejectives substitute them with sequences of a plain plosive or affricate, a weakly articulated schwa and then a glottal stop: [pə͉ʔ tə͉ʔ kə͉ʔ t͡sə͉ʔ t͡ʃə͉ʔ]. | # The ejective consonants /pʼ tʼ kʼ t͡sʼ t͡ʃʼ t͡ɬʼ/ are frequently pronounced irregularly by L2 speakers who lack ejective consonants in their native languages. As there are many minimal pairs that can result in dangerous misunderstandings if the ejective consonants are not pronounced, many L2 speakers who are unable to pronounce the ejectives substitute them with sequences of a plain plosive or affricate, a weakly articulated schwa and then a glottal stop: [pə͉ʔ tə͉ʔ kə͉ʔ t͡sə͉ʔ t͡ʃə͉ʔ t͡ɬə͉ʔ]. | ||
# | # In careful speech, affricates are distinguished phonetically from equivalent sequences of plosive and fricative that come together across word boundaries. The clusters are pronounced with a separate release. | ||
# The majority of Balog pronounce the fricatives /v/ and /f/ dentolabially: [v͆] and [f͆]. Due to anatomical differences, the majority of non-Balog pronounce these labiodentally as [v] and [f]. Speakers of certain regions, both Balog and non-Balog, may pronounce them bilabially as [β] and [ɸ]. | # The majority of Balog pronounce the fricatives /v/ and /f/ dentolabially: [v͆] and [f͆]. Due to anatomical differences, the majority of non-Balog pronounce these labiodentally as [v] and [f]. Speakers of certain regions, both Balog and non-Balog, may pronounce them bilabially as [β] and [ɸ]. | ||
# The fricatives /ɣ/ and /x/ may be pronounced either at the velum as [ɣ] and [x], or at the uvula as [ʁ] and [χ]. Speakers with uvular pronunciations of /ɣ/ may frequently pronounce it as a trill [ʀ]. | # The fricatives /ɣ/ and /x/ may be pronounced either at the velum as [ɣ] and [x], or at the uvula as [ʁ] and [χ]. Speakers with uvular pronunciations of /ɣ/ may frequently pronounce it as a trill [ʀ]. | ||
# The consonant /r/ is generally pronounced as a tap or flap [ɾ] with trilled pronunciations generally restricted to emphatic speech. When geminate, the pronunciation is always as a trill. | # The consonant /r/ is generally pronounced as a tap or flap [ɾ] with trilled pronunciations generally restricted to emphatic speech. When geminate, the pronunciation is always as a trill. | ||
# The lateral /l/ may be, as discussed in point 3., either be dental or alveolar, however there is | # The lateral /l/ may be, as discussed in point 3., either be dental or alveolar, however there is frequently also a strong velar or pharyngeal coarticulation: [ɫ~ɫ̪] | ||
# The semivowel /w/ is generally pronounced unrounded by Balog speakers due to anatomical differences. It is, however, pronounced with lip compression that results in a similar auditory effect: [w͍]. Non-Balog who speak it as an L2 may pronounce it with rounding: [w]. | # The semivowel /w/ is generally pronounced unrounded by Balog speakers due to anatomical differences. It is, however, pronounced with lip compression that results in a similar auditory effect: [w͍]. Non-Balog who speak it as an L2 may pronounce it with rounding: [w]. | ||