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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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|nativename = Lútico (paulista) | |nativename = Lútico (paulista) | ||
|pronunciation = ˈlu.t͡ʃi.ku (pawˈlis.tɐ) | |pronunciation = ˈlu.t͡ʃi.ku (pawˈlis.tɐ) | ||
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Luthic | |pronunciation_key = IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic | ||
|region = [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] | |region = [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] | ||
|speakers = 5,000 | |speakers = 5,000 | ||
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Brazil remained neutral at the start of [[w:World War II|World War II]] in September 1939, however, German [[w:U-boat|U-boats]] sank six Brazilian ships in the [[w:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], resulting on Brazil declaring war on Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942. The Brazilians forces fought mainly within Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions. | Brazil remained neutral at the start of [[w:World War II|World War II]] in September 1939, however, German [[w:U-boat|U-boats]] sank six Brazilian ships in the [[w:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], resulting on Brazil declaring war on Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942. The Brazilians forces fought mainly within Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions. | ||
The Brazilian contact with Emilia-Romagna and the [[w:Italian_Brazilians#Italian_immigration_to_Brazil|Italian immigration to Brazil]] resulted in a Brazilian dialect of Luthic spoken in São Paulo, known as '''Paulistan Luthic''' (endonym: ''Lútico paulista'' [[ | The Brazilian contact with Emilia-Romagna and the [[w:Italian_Brazilians#Italian_immigration_to_Brazil|Italian immigration to Brazil]] resulted in a Brazilian dialect of Luthic spoken in São Paulo, known as '''Paulistan Luthic''' (endonym: ''Lútico paulista'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic| | ||
[ˈlu.t͡ʃi.ku pawˈlis.tɐ]]]; Standard Ravennese Luthic: ''Lûthica Paülista'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ pɐwˈlis.tɐ]]]). Paulistan Luthic is heavily influenced by the [[w:Paulistano dialect|Paulistano dialect]] of Portuguese (<small>Portuguese pronunciation:</small> [[wikt:AP:pron:pt|[paw.lisˈtɐ̃.nu]]]), as the accent is dominant in Brazilian [[w:Mass media|mass media]] and is often associated with “standard” Brazilian Portuguese. | |||
====Characteristics of Paulistan Luthic==== | ====Characteristics of Paulistan Luthic==== | ||
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* '''e-[[w:Prothesis (linguistics)|prosthesis]]:''' In word-initially /sC/ clusters, e-prosthesis is triggered: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''stare'' > Paulistan Luthic ''estare''. | * '''e-[[w:Prothesis (linguistics)|prosthesis]]:''' In word-initially /sC/ clusters, e-prosthesis is triggered: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''stare'' > Paulistan Luthic ''estare''. | ||
* '''degemination:''' Paulistan Luthic lacks geminate consonants: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''soffiare'' [[IPA for Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] > Paulistan Luthic [[ | * '''degemination:''' Paulistan Luthic lacks geminate consonants: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''soffiare'' [[IPA for Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] > Paulistan Luthic [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic| | ||
[soˈfja.re]]] | |||
* '''thorn stopping and voicing:''' A similar process that happened with southern [[w:German dialects|German dialects]], the [[w:High German consonant shift|High German consonant shift]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''þû'' > Paulistan Luthic ''du'' | * '''thorn stopping and voicing:''' A similar process that happened with southern [[w:German dialects|German dialects]], the [[w:High German consonant shift|High German consonant shift]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''þû'' > Paulistan Luthic ''du'' | ||
* '''edh stopping:''' /ð/ is fortified to /d/ in every position: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''faðar'' > Paulistan Luthic ''fadre'' | * '''edh stopping:''' /ð/ is fortified to /d/ in every position: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''faðar'' > Paulistan Luthic ''fadre'' | ||
* '''r-[[w:Metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]]:''' r-stem nouns ending in -ar are always reanalised as -re: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''broþar'' > Paulistan Luthic ''brodre'' | * '''r-[[w:Metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]]:''' r-stem nouns ending in -ar are always reanalised as -re: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''broþar'' > Paulistan Luthic ''brodre'' | ||
* '''/t, d/ palatalisation before /i, ĩ, j/:''' In most of Portuguese varieties spoken in Brazil, the variable palatalisation of alveolar stops turns consonants /t, d/ into affricates [t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ], this highly affected Paulistan Luthic: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]], ''di'' [[IPA for Luthic|[di]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''Lútica'' [[ | * '''/t, d/ palatalisation before /i, ĩ, j/:''' In most of Portuguese varieties spoken in Brazil, the variable palatalisation of alveolar stops turns consonants /t, d/ into affricates [t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ], this highly affected Paulistan Luthic: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]], ''di'' [[IPA for Luthic|[di]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''Lútica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈlu.t͡ʃi.kɐ]]], ''di'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[d͡ʒi]]] | ||
* '''rhotic:''' The trill consonant [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills#Voiced_alveolar_trill|/r/]] is fully displaced by a tap consonant [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]], of which may be also described as an approximant [[w:Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants|/ɹ/]] pre-consonantal: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈbar.kɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''rasda'' [[ | * '''rhotic:''' The trill consonant [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills#Voiced_alveolar_trill|/r/]] is fully displaced by a tap consonant [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]], of which may be also described as an approximant [[w:Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants|/ɹ/]] pre-consonantal: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈbar.kɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''rasda'' [[[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈɾaz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈbaɹ.kɐ]]]. Due to Paulistano influence, word-initial rhotics are often realised as [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] ~ [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|/h/]], resulting in ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈʁaz.dɐ]]] ~ [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈhaz.dɐ]]], a great example is Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rapportu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[rɐpˈpɔr.tu]]] and Paulistan Luthic ''rapporto'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ʁɐˈpɔɹ.tu]]] ~ [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[hɐˈpɔɹ.tu]]] | ||
* '''lack of Gorgia Tuscana:''' Paulistan Luthic doesn't spirantise atonic plosives: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''capu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈka.fu]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''capo'' [[ | * '''lack of Gorgia Tuscana:''' Paulistan Luthic doesn't spirantise atonic plosives: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''capu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈka.fu]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''capo'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈka.pu]]] | ||
* '''i-[[w:Epenthesis|epenthesis]]:''' Word-terminally plosives are affected by i-epenthesis: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɐx]]], ''ist'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ist]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''ac'' [[ | * '''i-[[w:Epenthesis|epenthesis]]:''' Word-terminally plosives are affected by i-epenthesis: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɐx]]], ''ist'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ist]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ɐ.kĭ]]], ''est'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[es.t͡ʃĭ]]], this may also be considered a kind of [[w:Paragoge|paragoge]]. This may also happen in consonant clusters if if the second consonant is not /ɾ/ or /l/, resulting in ''opziune'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|/opˈsju.ne/]] > [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[opiˈsju.ni]]] | ||
* '''deaffrication:''' the palatalised forms of /t/, /k/ and /ɡ/, are realised as /s/, /s/ and /ʒ/ retrospectively: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''dicidere'' [[IPA for Luthic|[di.t͡ʃiˈde.re]]], ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''dicidere'' [[w:Help:IPA|[d͡ʒi.siˈde.ɾe]]], ''geva'' [[ | * '''deaffrication:''' the palatalised forms of /t/, /k/ and /ɡ/, are realised as /s/, /s/ and /ʒ/ retrospectively: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''dicidere'' [[IPA for Luthic|[di.t͡ʃiˈde.re]]], ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''dicidere'' [[w:Help:IPA|[d͡ʒi.siˈde.ɾe]]], ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈʒe.vɐ]]] and Standard Ravennese Luthic Luthic ''ziu'' (from Latin [[wikt:thius#Latin|thīus]]) [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈt͡si.u]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''zio'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈsi.u ~ ˈzi.u]]]. In some cases, where /t͡s/ is voiced to /d͡z/, it is realised as /z/ | ||
* '''nasalisation:''' like Paulitano, Paulistan Luthic nasalises every vowel before a nasal in NV.N-: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''banana'' [[ | * '''nasalisation:''' like Paulitano, Paulistan Luthic nasalises every vowel before a nasal in NV.N-: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''banana'' [[IPA for Luthic|[bɐˈna.nɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''banana'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[bɐˈnɐ̃.nɐ]]] | ||
Main orthographical differences: | Main orthographical differences: | ||