Linguifex

Ngolu: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Ngolu (view source)

Revision as of 13:35, 3 March 2017

493 bytes added ,  3 March 2017
m
→‎Nominals
Line 197: Line 197:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|xu}}'''
| '''<span style="color:blue">xu</span>'''
|-
|-
| NOM.3s.INAN.DEF
| NOM.3s.INAN.DEF
Line 203: Line 203:
| "the thing"
| "the thing"
|-
|-
| colspan="1" |  ''{{color|MediumBlue|it}}''
| colspan="1" |  ''<span style="color:blue">it</span>''
|}
|}


Line 210: Line 210:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|xu}}''' || '''mala'''
| '''<span style="color:blue">xu</span>''' || '''mala'''
|-
|-
| NOM.3s.INAN.DEF || be.house
| NOM.3s.INAN.DEF || be.house
Line 216: Line 216:
| "the thing that" || "is a house"
| "the thing that" || "is a house"
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |  ''{{color|MediumBlue|the}} house''
| colspan="2" |  ''<span style="color:blue">the</span> house''
|}
|}


Line 225: Line 225:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''olos''' || '''ene''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|zuo}}''' || '''kka''' || '''g-ixi''' || '''ja''' || '''nana''' || '''g-uje'''  
| '''olos''' || '''ene''' || '''<span style="color:blue">zuo</span>''' || '''kka''' || '''g-ixi''' || '''ja''' || '''nana''' || '''g-uje'''  
|-
|-
| be.strange || DAT.1s.ACS || NOM.C || be.not || COP-DAT.3s.INAN.DEF || NOM.3s.DEF.ACS || be.father || COP-GEN.3s.ACS.DEF
| be.strange || DAT.1s.ACS || NOM.C || be.not || COP-DAT.3s.INAN.DEF || NOM.3s.DEF.ACS || be.father || COP-GEN.3s.ACS.DEF
Line 231: Line 231:
| "is strange" || "to me" || "that" || "is not" || "go there" || "the one who" || "is father" || "is hers/his"
| "is strange" || "to me" || "that" || "is not" || "go there" || "the one who" || "is father" || "is hers/his"
|-
|-
| colspan="8" |  ''I think it's strange {{color|MediumBlue|that}} his / her father didn't go / wasn't there.'' — [ACS/SUB]
| colspan="8" |  ''I think it's strange <span style="color:blue">that</span> his / her father didn't go / wasn't there.'' — [ACS/SUB]
|}
|}


Line 255: Line 255:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|i}}xu''' || '''mala'''
| '''<span style="color:blue">i</span>xu''' || '''mala'''
|-
|-
| NOM.3p.INAN.DEF || be.house
| NOM.3p.INAN.DEF || be.house
Line 261: Line 261:
| "the things that" || "are houses"
| "the things that" || "are houses"
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |  ''the house{{color|MediumBlue|s}}''
| colspan="2" |  ''the house<span style="color:blue">s</span>''
|}
|}


Line 270: Line 270:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''xu''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|euo}}''' || '''mala'''
| '''xu''' || '''<span style="color:blue">euo</span>''' || '''mala'''
|-
|-
| NOM.3s.INAN.DEF || be.pair || be.house
| NOM.3s.INAN.DEF || be.pair || be.house
Line 276: Line 276:
| "the thing that" || "is a group of two" || "is a house"
| "the thing that" || "is a group of two" || "is a house"
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |  ''the {{color|MediumBlue|two}} house{{color|MediumBlue|s}}''
| colspan="3" |  ''the <span style="color:blue">two</span> house<span style="color:blue">s</span>''
|}
|}


Line 285: Line 285:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|i}}xu''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|euo}}''' || '''mala'''
| '''<span style="color:blue">i</span>xu''' || '''<span style="color:blue">euo</span>''' || '''mala'''
|-
|-
| NOM.3p.INAN.DEF || be.pair || be.house
| NOM.3p.INAN.DEF || be.pair || be.house
Line 291: Line 291:
| "the things that" || "are groups of two" || "are houses"
| "the things that" || "are groups of two" || "are houses"
|-
|-
| colspan="3" | ''the {{color|MediumBlue|pairs of}} house{{color|MediumBlue|s}}''
| colspan="3" | ''the <span style="color:blue">pairs of</span> house<span style="color:blue">s</span>''
|}
|}




Mass nouns indicating powders and granular substances are indicated in the plural with the singular referring to an individual grain.
Mass nouns indicating powders and granular substances are generally indicated in the plural with the singular referring to an individual grain.




Line 314: Line 314:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|i}}xu''' || '''bakua'''
| '''<span style="color:blue">i</span>xu''' || '''bakua'''
|-
|-
| NOM.3p.INAN.DEF || be.grain.of.sand
| NOM.3p.INAN.DEF || be.grain.of.sand
Line 320: Line 320:
| "the things that" || "are grains of sand"
| "the things that" || "are grains of sand"
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | ''the (grain{{color|MediumBlue|s}} of) sand''
| colspan="2" | ''the (grain<span style="color:blue">s</span> of) sand''
|}
|}




Unusually, water is indicated in the plural as well, possibly reflecting the Ngolu's atomistic theory of matter.  
The word for drinkable water, '''hunia''', is used in the singular to indicate one drinkable portion but in the plural to signify a larger quantity, such as a river of clean water.  




Line 330: Line 330:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|i}}xu''' || '''hunia'''
| '''<span style="color:blue">i</span>xu''' || '''hunia'''
|-
|-
| NOM.3p.DEF.INAN.REL || be.potable
| NOM.3p.DEF.INAN.REL || be.potable
Line 336: Line 336:
| "the things that" || "are potable"
| "the things that" || "are potable"
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |''the (drinkable) water''
| colspan="2" |''the (large quantity of) drinkable water''
|}
|}


====Gender====
====Gender====
Line 347: Line 348:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''kulu''' || '''eni''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|ju}}''' || '''ala'''
| '''kulu''' || '''eni''' || '''<span style="color:blue">ju</span>''' || '''ala'''
|-
|-
| be.heard || DAT.1s.ICS || NOM.3s.ANIM.DEF || be.bird
| be.heard || DAT.1s.ICS || NOM.3s.ANIM.DEF || be.bird
Line 353: Line 354:
| "was heard" || "to me" || "the one who" || "is a bird"
| "was heard" || "to me" || "the one who" || "is a bird"
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | ''I heard {{color|MediumBlue|the}} bird.'' — ['''kali''']
| colspan="4" | ''I heard <span style="color:blue">the</span> bird.'' — ['''kali''']
|}
|}


Line 359: Line 360:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''kulu''' || '''eni''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|xu}}''' || '''ala'''
| '''kulu''' || '''eni''' || '''<span style="color:blue">xu</span>''' || '''ala'''
|-
|-
| be.heard || DAT.1s.ICS || NOM.3s.INAN.DEF || be.bird
| be.heard || DAT.1s.ICS || NOM.3s.INAN.DEF || be.bird
Line 365: Line 366:
| "was heard" || "to me" || "the thing that" || "is a bird"
| "was heard" || "to me" || "the thing that" || "is a bird"
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | ''I heard {{color|MediumBlue|the}} bird.'' — ['''muja''']
| colspan="4" | ''I heard <span style="color:blue">the</span> bird.'' — ['''muja''']
|}
|}


Line 379: Line 380:
In order to group referents from more than one grammatical person together, the required pronominals are juxtaposed. For example, '''inu''' (gloss: NOM.1s.ICS) is the exclusive 'we'. The inclusive 'we' may take a form such as '''vu nu''' (gloss: NOM.2s.ICS NOM.1s.ICS) or '''nu ivu''' (gloss: NOM.1s.ICS NOM.2p.ICS), more or less equivalent to 'you and I'. Even addressing people in the second person, should the group include third persons, these are made note of separately, for example '''ju vu''' (gloss: NOM.3s.ICS.DEF NOM.2s.ICS). The nominal '''ivu''' (gloss: NOM.2p.ICS), for example, is only used to address two more people when all are present.  
In order to group referents from more than one grammatical person together, the required pronominals are juxtaposed. For example, '''inu''' (gloss: NOM.1s.ICS) is the exclusive 'we'. The inclusive 'we' may take a form such as '''vu nu''' (gloss: NOM.2s.ICS NOM.1s.ICS) or '''nu ivu''' (gloss: NOM.1s.ICS NOM.2p.ICS), more or less equivalent to 'you and I'. Even addressing people in the second person, should the group include third persons, these are made note of separately, for example '''ju vu''' (gloss: NOM.3s.ICS.DEF NOM.2s.ICS). The nominal '''ivu''' (gloss: NOM.2p.ICS), for example, is only used to address two more people when all are present.  


The order of the elements in these juxtapositions depends first on [[Ngolu#Social_Stratification_and_Language_Use|rank]], with pronominals referring to higher ranking referents appearing before those of lower ranking referents. When the referents are equally ranked, 2nd person precedes third person, which, in turn, preceds first person.
The order of the elements in these juxtapositions depends first on [[Ngolu#Social_Stratification_and_Language_Use|rank]], with pronominals referring to higher ranking referents appearing before those of lower ranking referents. When the referents are equally ranked, 2nd person precedes 3rd person, which, in turn, preceds 1st person.


Nominal juxtapositions are characterised by all pronominals being inflected in the same [[Ngolu#Case|case]]. For example, the nominative '''ua na''' (gloss: NOM.2s.ACS NOM.1s.ACS) becomes '''eues ene''' in the dative and '''uua una''' in the possessive.
Nominal juxtapositions are characterised by all pronominals being inflected in the same [[Ngolu#Case|case]]. For example, the nominative '''ua na''' (gloss: NOM.2s.ACS NOM.1s.ACS) becomes '''eues ene''' in the dative and '''uua una''' in the possessive.
Line 393: Line 394:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''zue''' || '''na''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|ji}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|ala}}'''
| '''zue''' || '''na''' || '''<span style="color:blue">ji</span>''' || '''<span style="color:blue">ala</span>'''
|-
|-
| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ICS.DEF || be.bird
| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ICS.DEF || be.bird
Line 399: Line 400:
| "am seeking" || "I" || "the being who" || "is a bird"
| "am seeking" || "I" || "the being who" || "is a bird"
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | ''I'm looking for {{color|MediumBlue|the bird}}. (You know which one.)''  — '''kali''' [ACS/SUB]
| colspan="4" | ''I'm looking for <span style="color:blue">the bird</span>. (You know which one.)''  — '''kali''' [ACS/SUB]
|}  
|}  


Line 405: Line 406:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''zue''' || '''na''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|ji}}'''
| '''zue''' || '''na''' || '''<span style="color:blue">ji</span>'''
|-
|-
| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ICS.DEF
| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ICS.DEF
Line 411: Line 412:
| "am seeking" || "I" || "the being"
| "am seeking" || "I" || "the being"
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |''I'm looking for {{color|MediumBlue|it}}. (You know which one.)''  — '''kali''' [ACS/SUB]
| colspan="3" |''I'm looking for <span style="color:blue">it</span>. (You know which one.)''  — '''kali''' [ACS/SUB]
|}
|}


Line 420: Line 421:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''zue''' || '''na''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|mi}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|ala}}'''
| '''zue''' || '''na''' || '''<span style="color:blue">mi</span>''' || '''<span style="color:blue">ala</span>'''
|-
|-
| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ICS.SPEC || be.bird
| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ICS.SPEC || be.bird
Line 426: Line 427:
| "am seeking" || "I" || "a specific one who" || "is a bird"
| "am seeking" || "I" || "a specific one who" || "is a bird"
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | ''I'm looking for {{color|MediumBlue|a (particular) bird}}.''  — '''kali''' [ACS/SUB]  
| colspan="4" | ''I'm looking for <span style="color:blue">a (particular) bird</span>.''  — '''kali''' [ACS/SUB]  
|}
|}


Line 432: Line 433:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''zue''' || '''na''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|mi}}'''
| '''zue''' || '''na''' || '''<span style="color:blue">mi</span>'''
|-
|-
| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ICS.SPEC
| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ICS.SPEC
Line 438: Line 439:
| "am seeking" || "I" || "a specific being"
| "am seeking" || "I" || "a specific being"
|-
|-
| colspan="3" | ''I'm looking for {{color|MediumBlue|one (in particular)}}.''  — '''kali''' [ACS/SUB]  
| colspan="3" | ''I'm looking for <span style="color:blue">one (in particular)</span>.''  — '''kali''' [ACS/SUB]  
|}
|}


Line 447: Line 448:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''zue''' || '''na''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|i}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|ala}}'''
| '''zue''' || '''na''' || '''<span style="color:blue">i</span>''' || '''<span style="color:blue">ala</span>'''
|-
|-
| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ANIM.NSPC || be.bird
| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ANIM.NSPC || be.bird
Line 453: Line 454:
| "am seeking" || "I" || "anyone who" || "is a bird"
| "am seeking" || "I" || "anyone who" || "is a bird"
|-
|-
| colspan="4" |''I'm looking for {{color|MediumBlue|a(ny) bird}}.''  — '''kali''' [ACS/SUB]  
| colspan="4" |''I'm looking for <span style="color:blue">a(ny) bird</span>.''  — '''kali''' [ACS/SUB]  
|}
|}


Line 459: Line 460:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''zue''' || '''na''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|i}}'''
| '''zue''' || '''na''' || '''<span style="color:blue">i</span>'''
|-
|-
| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ANIM.NSPC
| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ANIM.NSPC
Line 465: Line 466:
| "am seeking" || "I" || "anyone"
| "am seeking" || "I" || "anyone"
|-
|-
| colspan="3" | ''I'm looking for {{color|MediumBlue|anyone/anything}}.''  — '''kali''' [ACS/SUB]  
| colspan="3" | ''I'm looking for <span style="color:blue">anything</span>.''  — '''kali''' [ACS/SUB]  
|}
|}


Imralu
577

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/66861"