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Rówok: Difference between revisions
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*as a simple adverb | *as a simple adverb | ||
*following a noun in the [[#Nominative/ergative|nominative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]] | *following a noun in the [[#Nominative/ergative|nominative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]] | ||
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]. | *following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]. | ||
For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]]. | For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]]. | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]]. | |||
====Vocative==== | ====Nominal number==== | ||
Nouns and [[#Participles|participes]] are declined in three numbers: | |||
*singular | |||
*dual | |||
*plural | |||
The dual infix is '''-l-''', '''-il-''', or '''-li-'''. | |||
The plural infix is '''-in-'''. | |||
====Ratio casuum==== | |||
=====Vocative===== | |||
The nominative form of the noun is one of the [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. | The nominative form of the noun is one of the [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. | ||
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The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]]. | The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]]. | ||
====Nominative/ergative==== | =====Nominative/ergative===== | ||
The nominative form of the noun is one of the [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. | The nominative form of the noun is one of the [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. | ||
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*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]]) | *as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]]) | ||
====Genitive==== | =====Genitive===== | ||
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]] | :For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]] | ||
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*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb | *as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb | ||
====Partitive==== | =====Partitive===== | ||
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]] | :For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]] | ||
====Benefactive==== | =====Benefactive===== | ||
The benefactive case has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift". | The benefactive case has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift". | ||
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*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive, e.g. '''dayma''', "to shine", so whatever the light '''shines on''' | *as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive, e.g. '''dayma''', "to shine", so whatever the light '''shines on''' | ||
====Telic==== | =====Telic===== | ||
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]]. | :For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]]. | ||
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*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion. | *as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion. | ||
====Locatives==== | =====Locatives===== | ||
The locative case has the ending '''-bi''' or '''-pi''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place". | The locative case has the ending '''-bi''' or '''-pi''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place". | ||
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there are fleas '''on''' dogs (idiomatically the dogs have fleas) | there are fleas '''on''' dogs (idiomatically the dogs have fleas) | ||
====Instrumental/(a)comitative==== | =====Instrumental/(a)comitative===== | ||
The instrumental case has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool". | The instrumental case has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool". | ||
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Like the [[#Locatives|locative]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated by '''with''' in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a caritive or acomitative. | Like the [[#Locatives|locative]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated by '''with''' in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a caritive or acomitative. | ||
====Similative==== | =====Similative===== | ||
The similative case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity". | The similative case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity". | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Verbal number==== | |||
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participes]] are declined in three numbers: | |||
*singular | |||
*dual | |||
*plural | |||
====Aspect==== | |||
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]]. | |||
These aspects is formed by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nominal aspect|noun]]'s). | |||
From imperfective to perfective: | |||
*'''a''' => '''e''' | |||
*'''o''' => '''u''' | |||
The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like. | |||
====Participles==== | |||
Particles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]]. | |||
===Derivational morphology=== | ===Derivational morphology=== | ||
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Particles | Particles | ||
Derivational morphology | Derivational morphology | ||
--> | --> | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
====Basics==== | ====Basics==== | ||