Naeng/Literature: Difference between revisions
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|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]], [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]] | |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]], [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]] | ||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |name = {{PAGENAME}} | ||
|nativename = չէıɱ Է·ѵ›ƪғ<br/>brits Răthoyd; brits Dămea | |nativename = չէıɱ Է·ѵ›ƪғ / չէıɱ Ғ·ɟ˫ƍ<br/>brits Răthoyd; brits Dămea | ||
|pronunciation= | |pronunciation= | ||
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] | |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] |
Revision as of 22:10, 8 July 2018
Windermere/Lexicon
Windermere/Swadesh list
Windermere/Names
Windermere/Diachronics
Naeng/Literature | |
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չէıɱ Է·ѵ›ƪғ / չէıɱ Ғ·ɟ˫ƍ brits Răthoyd; brits Dămea | |
Created by | IlL, Praimhín |
Setting | Verse:Tricin |
Lakovic
| |
Classical Windermere or Classical Rhythoed ruh-THOYD (native name: brits Răthoyd /brits rəˈðojd/ or brits Dămea /brits dəˈmeə/; Skellan: Ryðwid Yvẃr /ˈrəðuid əˈvur/ 'Noble Rhythoed') was a standardized variety of Windermere spoken in the historically Windermere territories (Wen Dămea) It is based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 900-1100. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to Häskä and other Talman languages.
See Windermere/Modern for Modern Windermere.
Introduction
Windermere is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax. It was originally created by Praimhín for the Fifth Linguifex Relay. It is currently being revived and adapted for Verse:Tricin as a classical language of Talma. This version will also be more synthetic than the original creator envisioned. Aesthetically it's also inspired by Romanian and Tíogall, one of my old Talmic sketches.
Todo
- Skellan-ish grammar but more synthetic
- Grammar: Salish
Neutral:
- Meac id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth no-bătseal.
- sleeping DIR PL-idea green without color ADV-fury
- Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
Focused:
- Id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth mo-meac no-bătseal.
- DIR=PL-idea green without color REL=sleep ADV=fury
- It is the colorless green ideas that sleep furiously.
- Düeth id-păchnay.
- naked DIR-king
- The king is naked.
Avoid
- șoa or șo'a or similar - sho'ah is holocaust in hebrew (thus no zoo in Skellan except by random change)
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
- Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
- Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
- Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Պ̃ɱ̃ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
- Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ
Vowels
The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.
- · : ; ı › ˫/⸗ƍ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ = ua üe ie oa ea
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||||
Plosive | voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||
voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /k/ | ' /ʔ/ | |||
Affricate | ts /ts̻/ | tł /tɬ/ | |||||
Fricative | spirant | f /f~v/ | th /θ~ð/ | ch /x/ | |||
nonspirant | s /s̻/ | ł /ɬ/ | ș /s̺~ʃ/ | h /h/ | |||
Resonant | w /w/ | r /r/ | l /l~ɫ/ | y /j/ |
The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.
Vowels
These are the realization of vowels in Windermerean Windermere:
|
|
- Notes
- /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.
Old Windermere had breathy voiced vowels ah eh ih oh uh üh /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became e ea ie oa ua üe in Classical Winderemre.
Stress
Stress is invariably final.
Phonotactics
Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.
Morphology
Windermere morphology is exclusively prefixing and infixing.
Old Windermere
Sandhi
Old Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which is no longer productive in Rhythoed.
- ths -> st, as in sehf (go) -> *thsehf -> stehf (to drive) (Rhythoed binsteaf (energy), sămteaf (to energize))
Grassmann's law was productive in Old Windermere. When there were two aspirated consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was deaspirated.
Some prefixes
Old Windermere had the following prefixes:
- th- (causative; denominal verbs)
- p- (agentive; triggers voicing of voiceless stops p t c to b d g)
- da (know) -> păda (master; pda in Rhythoed)
- tüth (to grasp) -> pădüth (meaning, intention)
- ha- (passive)
Old Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: snar (capture) -> snahr (trap, snare) which survives in Rhythoed as sner.
Nouns
im- is used as the plural prefix.
The case markers are the following:
- id: nominative
- u: accusative
- mi-: locative
- ya-: comitative
- șa-: allative
- faC-: from
- tsip : without
- fe: by (passive)
Pronouns
I | thou (m.) | thou (f.) | he | she | it | we (exc.) | we (inc.) | you (pl.) | they (an.) | they (inan.) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | rie | łen | łes | in | is | tan | tsa | bang | ngea | ănam | tănam |
Accusative | grie | găłen | găłes | cin | cis | dan | gătsa | găbang | găngea | cănam | dănam |
After a preposition, nominative forms are used.
Demonstratives
- this: __ se
- that: __ fi
- here: rădun se, dunse (casual)
- there: rădun fe, dumfe (casual)
- who: ășak ra, ășra (casual)
- what: ra (in the sense of which), mül ra (in the sense of which thing)
- where: rădun ra, dura (casual)
- when sngith ra, sngithra (casual)
- how li-tănsü ra; litra in casual speech
- all tsor (preposed)
- many mea (preposed)
- some tăchung (preposed)
- few łüp (preposed)
- other nătha
Verbs
Lăcoaf verbs inflect for mood, aspect, and voice, but not for tense.
In the imperative, the subject is omitted. The cohortative ('let's VERB') uses the syntax VERB ya-tsa, lit. 'VERB with us (exc)'.
Verbs and adjectives are actually predicate nouns, so a patient trigger verb can be used as a patient noun just by placing a case marker in front of it.
Aspect
Aspect inflection uses a combination of prefixes and reduplication.
Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (F) or last consonant (L)
- imperfective/stative = unmarked
- perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with em- for others
- prospective = hef- (closest equivalent of future tense)
- momentane = bla-
- progressive = ăL-
- gnomic = FăL-
- frequentative = eNFă-
- inchoative/inceptive = oLă-
- graduative = tăFa-
Intensive
- thu- = intensive prefix
Voice affixes
Voice affixes are obsolete in Rhythoed.
- ‹ăc› = Dynamic passive
- ‹ră›, ‹wă› = Stative passive
- ‹ăb› = Reflexive
Adjectives
Adjectives are stative verbs: they behave almost identically to verbs but they cannot take the imperative by themselves.
The comparative is formed with rech + adjective and the superlative is formed with hă'et + adjective.
- to = good
- rech to = better
- hă'et to = best
Derivational morphology
- ‹i› = nominalizer for underived verbs
- bin- = nominalizer for derived verbs
- hăl- = nominalizer for adjectives
- sa- = nominalizer
- și- = negation
- ing- = verbalizer
- lă = verbalizer (how productive?)
- yă- = adjectivizer
- nu- = agentive (Classical Windermere; and productive to an extent in Rhythoed)
- pa- = patientive (from Old Windermere *p + *ha)
- bo- = adjectivizer for verbs
TODO: verbalizers, "adjectivizers" ("X-like", "characterized by X")
- Head-initial concatenation. Common concatenated morphemes:
- hălwier = '-logy' (lit. 'beauty of')
- wang = 'matter, affairs'
- ngoth = 'manner, way'
- ăma = 'proto, ur-' (lit. 'mother of')
"Trigger" verb affixes
These were originally trigger affixes but had become derivational affixes to derive verbs by Classical Windermere times.
- ‹ăn/ăng› = Applicative trigger
- ‹ith› = Locative trigger
- ‹ăw› = Instrumental trigger
- ‹ăfong› = Destination trigger
- ‹ălis› = Comitative trigger
- ‹ăm› = Source/cause trigger
- ‹ăchem› = Benefactive/purpose trigger
- ‹ărea› = Malefactive trigger
Numbers
Syntax
Constituent order
The basic word order of Windermere is VSO.
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
There is a preverbal negative particle die.
Time clauses
For a non-finite time clause, mi- + verbal noun may be used.
Relative clauses
mo- = relativizer
- often combined with the complementizer: mong
Complement clauses
nga = complementizer