Glommish: Difference between revisions

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==Orthography==
==Orthography==
===Native script===
===Native script===
The native script, called ''þe þiúske vrýt'' is a descendant of the Latin alphabet.
The native script, called ''þe þiúske vryt'' is a descendant of the Latin alphabet.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
There are five phonemic vowel qualities with length. '''y ý''' can be considered non-palatalizing allophones of '''i í'''.
There are five phonemic vowel qualities with length. '''y y''' can be considered non-palatalizing allophones of '''i í'''.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| '''í''' /iː/
| '''í''' /iː/
| ('''y''' /ɨ/)
| ('''y''' /ɨ/)
| ('''ý''' /ɨː/)
| ('''y''' /ɨː/)
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''ú''' /uː/
| '''ú''' /uː/
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|}
|}


Also: ''andie'' 'end', ''ave'' 'river', ''biare'' 'bear', ''funie'' 'fire', ''fýtie'' 'wheat', ''hiarte'' 'heart', ''knave'' 'slave', ''mage'' 'throat', ''ukse'' 'ox', ''vatie'' 'water', ''ýriene'' 'copper'. [''ave'' can also be declined like a feminine noun.]
Also: ''andie'' 'end', ''ave'' 'river', ''biare'' 'bear', ''funie'' 'fire', ''fytie'' 'wheat', ''hiarte'' 'heart', ''knave'' 'slave', ''mage'' 'throat', ''ukse'' 'ox', ''vatie'' 'water', ''yriene'' 'copper'. [''ave'' can also be declined like a feminine noun.]


====Feminine nouns====
====Feminine nouns====
Nouns of this declension type are always feminine in modern {{PAGENAME}}. Nouns with certain suffixes like ''-yng'' (deverbal noun) or ''-hýd'' (abstract noun) and loanwords that were feminine in the source language also belong in this class.
Nouns of this declension type are always feminine in modern {{PAGENAME}}. Nouns with certain suffixes like ''-yng'' (deverbal noun) or ''-hyd'' (abstract noun) and loanwords that were feminine in the source language also belong in this class.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''naze'' (f.) 'nose'
! colspan="3" | ''naze'' (f.) 'nose'
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! "much, many"
! "much, many"
| ''miczel, micz'' (not declined)
| ''miczel, micz'' (not declined)
| ''mýr''
| ''myr''
| ''mýste''
| ''myste''
|-
|-
! "few, little"
! "few, little"
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|}
|}


Other examples: ''orvýdien'' 'work'; ''hórien'' 'hear'; ''lýrien'' 'teach'; ''sażen'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ránien'' 'execute, set into motion'; ''bránien'' 'burn (transitive)'; ''lażen'' 'lay'; ''vunszen'' 'wish'
Other examples: ''orvydien'' 'work'; ''hórien'' 'hear'; ''lyrien'' 'teach'; ''sażen'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ránien'' 'execute, set into motion'; ''bránien'' 'burn (transitive)'; ''lażen'' 'lay'; ''vunszen'' 'wish'


Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. ''brinżen, brachtь, bracht'' 'bring'; ''bużen, buchtь, bucht'' 'buy'; ''þanczen, þachtь, þacht'' - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.
Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. ''brinżen, brachtь, bracht'' 'bring'; ''bużen, buchtь, bucht'' 'buy'; ''þanczen, þachtь, þacht'' - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.
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=====Strong class 7=====
=====Strong class 7=====
halden, hýld, halden - to hold
halden, hyld, halden - to hold


fálen, fýl, fálen - to fall
fálen, fyl, fálen - to fall


liáten, lít, liáten - to let
liáten, lít, liáten - to let
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|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''výt'' || ''výt'' || ''výt'' || ''vitem'' || ''viteþ'' || ''vitenь''  
| ''vyt'' || ''vyt'' || ''vyt'' || ''vitem'' || ''viteþ'' || ''vitenь''  
|-
|-
! subjunctive
! subjunctive
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|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''výt!'' / ''výte!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''viteþ!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''vyt!'' / ''vyte!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''viteþ!'' || ''-''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="7"|
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*''-dám'' (m): "-dom"
*''-dám'' (m): "-dom"
*''end-'': 'de-, dis-'
*''end-'': 'de-, dis-'
**''endýren'': 'dishonor'
**''endyren'': 'dishonor'
*''er-'': telic
*''er-'': telic
*''fer-'': "for-"
*''fer-'': "for-"
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*''ge-'': intensifies a verb or derives an adverb; collective nouns
*''ge-'': intensifies a verb or derives an adverb; collective nouns
**A false example: ''geliór'' ('galore', from Irish ''go leor'')
**A false example: ''geliór'' ('galore', from Irish ''go leor'')
*''-hýd'' /-iːd/: -ness, -hood
*''-hyd'' /-iːd/: -ness, -hood
**''sialvhýd'': 'identity'
**''sialvhyd'': 'identity'
*''-ich'': "-y"; forms adjectives of the form '[adj]-[noun]ed'
*''-ich'': "-y"; forms adjectives of the form '[adj]-[noun]ed'
**''ýnóżich'': 'one-eyed' < ''ýn'' 'one' + ''óge'' 'eye'
**''ynóżich'': 'one-eyed' < ''yn'' 'one' + ''óge'' 'eye'
**''kaldhiertich'': 'coldhearted'
**''kaldhiertich'': 'coldhearted'
*''-iel'': forms nouns
*''-iel'': forms nouns
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*''-nys'': forms nouns from verbs
*''-nys'': forms nouns from verbs
*''-nie'': feminine suffix
*''-nie'': feminine suffix
**''þí lýrernie'' 'teacher (female)' < ''þe lýrerь'' 'teacher'
**''þí lyrernie'' 'teacher (female)' < ''þe lyrerь'' 'teacher'
**''þí fuksnie'' 'vixen' < ''þe fuks'' 'fox'
**''þí fuksnie'' 'vixen' < ''þe fuks'' 'fox'
*''sam-'': equi-, con-, together
*''sam-'': equi-, con-, together
*''-sam'': "-some"
*''-sam'': "-some"
**''ýnsam'' 'lonely' < ''ýn'' 'one'
**''ynsam'' 'lonely' < ''yn'' 'one'
**''gefiársam'' 'dangerous' < ''þí gefiár'' 'danger'
**''gefiársam'' 'dangerous' < ''þí gefiár'' 'danger'
**''výsam'' 'woeful' < ''þe '' 'woe'
**''vysam'' 'woeful' < ''þe vy'' 'woe'
*''-sk'': "-ish"
*''-sk'': "-ish"
*''-skapie'': "-ship", forms collective nouns for groups of people
*''-skapie'': "-ship", forms collective nouns for groups of people
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**''þí unróe'' 'unrest, unease'
**''þí unróe'' 'unrest, unease'
*''ur-''
*''ur-''
**''þe urdýlь'' 'decision' < ''dýlь'' 'part'
**''þe urdylь'' 'decision' < ''dylь'' 'part'
*''-yng/-ing'': forms nouns from verbs
*''-yng/-ing'': forms nouns from verbs
**''þí sriályng'' 'radiation' < ''sriálen'' 'shine, radiate'
**''þí sriályng'' 'radiation' < ''sriálen'' 'shine, radiate'
**''þí hýting'' 'heating' < ''hýtien'' 'to heat'
**''þí hyting'' 'heating' < ''hytien'' 'to heat'


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: ''þí żáve míns fadiers'' 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too when the noun is definite: ''míns fadiers żáve''.
Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: ''þí żáve míns fadiers'' 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too when the noun is definite: ''míns fadiers żáve''.


For predicative possession {{PAGENAME}}, in addition to using ''hán'' 'to have' like other Germanic languages, can use a construction similar to Irish: ''Et isь at mír tvý sunie.'' "I have two sons." (lit. There are two sons at me, like Irish ''Tá dhá mhac agam'')
For predicative possession {{PAGENAME}}, in addition to using ''hán'' 'to have' like other Germanic languages, can use a construction similar to Irish: ''Et isь at mír tvy sunie.'' "I have two sons." (lit. There are two sons at me, like Irish ''Tá dhá mhac agam'')


===Simple tenses===
===Simple tenses===
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====Subjunctive====
====Subjunctive====
The subjunctive is used in subjunctive clauses specifying a wish or a requirement.
The subjunctive is used in subjunctive clauses specifying a wish or a requirement.
:'''''Ik ví þat er blýve mid mír.'''''
:'''''Ik ví þat er blyve mid mír.'''''
:''I want him to stay with me.''
:''I want him to stay with me.''


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Like in German. In formal Thedish, the verb, if in present tense, is put in the subjunctive.
Like in German. In formal Thedish, the verb, if in present tense, is put in the subjunctive.
====Exclamatory inversion====
====Exclamatory inversion====
:'''''Aj, isь aldýrsk ogel!'''''
:'''''Aj, isь aldyrsk ogel!'''''
:''Boy, is Old Irish complicated!''
:''Boy, is Old Irish complicated!''


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{{PAGENAME}} uses a base-120 system (derived from the native Germanic long hundred).
{{PAGENAME}} uses a base-120 system (derived from the native Germanic long hundred).


0-10: syfer, ýn, tvý, þrí, fiór, finf, siaks, sieven, acht, nión, tién
0-10: syfer, yn, tvy, þrí, fiór, finf, siaks, sieven, acht, nión, tién
/sɨfər, ɨːn, tvɨː, θʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲɪnf, sʲaks, sʲɛvən, axt, nʲoːn, tʲeːn/
/sɨfər, ɨːn, tvɨː, θʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲɪnf, sʲaks, sʲɛvən, axt, nʲoːn, tʲeːn/


11-19: ýlьf, tvalьf, þrítién, fiórъtién, finfъtién, siaksъtién, siefъtién, achtién, nióntién
11-19: ylьf, tvalьf, þrítién, fiórъtién, finfъtién, siaksъtién, siefъtién, achtién, nióntién
/ɨːlʲɪf, tvalʲɪf, θʲrʲiːtʲeːn, fʲoːrtʲeːn, fʲɪnftʲeːn, sʲakstʲeːn, sʲɛftʲeːn, axtʲeːn, nʲoːnʲtʲeːn/
/ɨːlʲɪf, tvalʲɪf, θʲrʲiːtʲeːn, fʲoːrtʲeːn, fʲɪnftʲeːn, sʲakstʲeːn, sʲɛftʲeːn, axtʲeːn, nʲoːnʲtʲeːn/


20-110: tvýntich, þrítich, ... achtich, nióntich, tiántich, ýlftich
20-110: tvyntich, þrítich, ... achtich, nióntich, tiántich, ylftich
/tvɨːnʲtʲɪx, etc./
/tvɨːnʲtʲɪx, etc./


21, 22, ...: ýn-an-tvýntich, tvý-an-tvýntich, ...
21, 22, ...: yn-an-tvyntich, tvy-an-tvyntich, ...


120: hunderþ
120: hunderþ
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/'mi:rʲə/
/'mi:rʲə/


Ordinal numbers are formed with ''-te'' or ''-þe'' (weak declension): ''syferþe, ýrste, tvýþe, þridie, fiórþe, finfþe, ...''
Ordinal numbers are formed with ''-te'' or ''-þe'' (weak declension): ''syferþe, yrste, tvyþe, þridie, fiórþe, finfþe, ...''


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
A sentence made entirely of Celtic vocabulary (except function words and prefixes):
A sentence made entirely of Celtic vocabulary (except function words and prefixes):


''Þe druke map isь at ferbýtren þe móre ave.'' = the bad boy is crossing the big river.
''Þe druke map isь at ferbytren þe móre ave.'' = the bad boy is crossing the big river.


==Phrasebook==
==Phrasebook==
*''Hýl!'' = 'Hello!'
*''Hyl!'' = 'Hello!'
**''Hýl þír!'' = 'Hello!' (informal AND to one person)
**''Hyl þír!'' = 'Hello!' (informal AND to one person)
**''Hýl ú!'' = 'Hello!' (formal OR to more than one person)
**''Hyl ú!'' = 'Hello!' (formal OR to more than one person)
*''Gáde murgen/dag/jévenþ/nachtie!'' = 'Good morning/afternoon/evening/night!'
*''Gáde murgen/dag/jévenþ/nachtie!'' = 'Good morning/afternoon/evening/night!'
*''Vilьpiumen!'' = 'Welcome!'
*''Vilьpiumen!'' = 'Welcome!'
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*''Rió isь mír.'' = 'I'm sorry.'
*''Rió isь mír.'' = 'I'm sorry.'
*''Rió'sь.'' = 'Sorry.'
*''Rió'sь.'' = 'Sorry.'
*''Fí hýteþ úr?'' = 'What is your name?'
*''Fí hyteþ úr?'' = 'What is your name?'
*''Ik hýte ...'' = 'My name is ...'
*''Ik hyte ...'' = 'My name is ...'
*''Fanьs piameþ úr?'' = 'Where are you from?'
*''Fanьs piameþ úr?'' = 'Where are you from?'
*''Ik piame av...'' = 'I'm from ...'
*''Ik piame av...'' = 'I'm from ...'
**''Angland.'' = 'England'.
**''Angland.'' = 'England'.
**''Þiúskland.'' = 'Thedeland.'
**''Þiúskland.'' = 'Thedeland.'
**''Ýreland.'' = 'Ireland.'
**''yreland.'' = 'Ireland.'
**''Kamberland.'' = 'Wales.'
**''Kamberland.'' = 'Wales.'
*''Spriakeþ ú ...'' = 'Do you speak ...'
*''Spriakeþ ú ...'' = 'Do you speak ...'
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*''Já.'' = 'Yes.'
*''Já.'' = 'Yes.'
**''Já, úr máteþ.'' = 'Yes, you may.'
**''Já, úr máteþ.'' = 'Yes, you may.'
*''.'' = 'No.'
*''Ny.'' = 'No.'
*''Ik spriake yncz þiúsk.'' = 'I can't speak Þiúsk.'
*''Ik spriake yncz þiúsk.'' = 'I can't speak Þiúsk.'
*''Mát ik ú þúten?'' = 'May I address you informally (i.e. using ''þú'')?'
*''Mát ik ú þúten?'' = 'May I address you informally (i.e. using ''þú'')?'
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*''Biarhard'' (m.) ("bear-hard"; ~ Bernard)  
*''Biarhard'' (m.) ("bear-hard"; ~ Bernard)  
*''Gardie'' (f.) (~ Gerðr)
*''Gardie'' (f.) (~ Gerðr)
*''Gýr-'' ("spear")
*''Gyr-'' ("spear")
**''Gýrhard'' (~ Gerhard)
**''Gyrhard'' (~ Gerhard)
**''Gýrnod'' (~ Gernot)
**''Gyrnod'' (~ Gernot)
**''Gýrъhildь'' (~ Gerhilde)
**''Gyrъhildь'' (~ Gerhilde)
*''Hazel'' /hazəɫ/ (f.) ("hazel")
*''Hazel'' /hazəɫ/ (f.) ("hazel")
*''Hildie'' /çɪlʲdʲə/, ''-hildь'' (f.) (< hildiz "battle")
*''Hildie'' /çɪlʲdʲə/, ''-hildь'' (f.) (< hildiz "battle")
*''Kól'' (m.) (From a Celtic word for "hazel")
*''Kól'' (m.) (From a Celtic word for "hazel")
*''Machtildь'' (f.) ("mighty in battle"; ~ Matilda, Mechthild)
*''Machtildь'' (f.) ("mighty in battle"; ~ Matilda, Mechthild)
*''Onlýv'' (m.) (~ Olaf)
*''Onlyv'' (m.) (~ Olaf)
*''Priten'' (m.) (~ Brittany)
*''Priten'' (m.) (~ Brittany)
*''Sanþie'' /ˈsanθʲə/ (f.) ("truth")
*''Sanþie'' /ˈsanθʲə/ (f.) ("truth")
*''Siag-'' ("victory")
*''Siag-'' ("victory")
**''Siagfriuþ'', ''Siaghildь'', ...
**''Siagfriuþ'', ''Siaghildь'', ...
*''Svýn'' /svɨːn/ (m.) (*swainaz "servant"; ~ Sveinn/Sven)
*''Svyn'' /svɨːn/ (m.) (*swainaz "servant"; ~ Sveinn/Sven)
*''Þuner'' (m.) (*Þunraz)
*''Þuner'' (m.) (*Þunraz)
*''Váden'' /vaːdən/ (m.) (~ Odin)
*''Váden'' /vaːdən/ (m.) (~ Odin)
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*liúchtiestuf = phosphorus
*liúchtiestuf = phosphorus
*sviál = sulfur
*sviál = sulfur
*ýriene = copper
*yriene = copper
*siulver = silver
*siulver = silver
*tin = tin
*tin = tin
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==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===Featured language banner===
===Featured language banner===
:'''''Þiz spriakmál vaz ýnst forrichtied.'''''
:'''''Þiz spriakmál vaz ynst forrichtied.'''''
:''This language was once featured.''
:''This language was once featured.''


:'''''Þank jazer upmiáter kvalitár, fínhýder ok brúklikhýder stamnidie sum ta forrichtien jan.'''''
:'''''Þank jazer upmiáter kvalitár, fínhyder ok brúklikhyder stamnidie sum ta forrichtien jan.'''''
:''Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage features, it has been voted as featured.''
:''Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage features, it has been voted as featured.''


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===UDHR, Article 1===
===UDHR, Article 1===
:'''''Ále manьsken sinь buren frí ok javen án vurþie ok anriachtem. Sí sinь bieżávd mid ferstande ok koszijèncie ok þurven biedríven ýn gaszt niáfьste in ande bráþierhýder.'''''
:'''''Ále manьsken sinь buren frí ok javen án vurþie ok anriachtem. Sí sinь bieżávd mid ferstande ok koszijèncie ok þurven biedríven yn gaszt niáfьste in ande bráþierhyder.'''''
:[ˈɑːɫə ˈmanʲsʲkən sʲɪnʲ ˈbʊɾən fʲɾʲiː ək ˈjavən at ˈvuɾʲθʲɪ k ˈanʲɾʲaxtəm || sʲiː sʲɪnʲ bʲɪˈdʒɑːvd mʲɪd fərˈstandə ək kɔʃi'jɛntsʲə | ək ˈθˠʊɾəvən bʲɪˈdʲɾʲiːvən iːn gaʃt ˈnʲɑːfʲstə jɪn andə ˈbrɑːθʲɪɾiːdəɾ]
:[ˈɑːɫə ˈmanʲsʲkən sʲɪnʲ ˈbʊɾən fʲɾʲiː ək ˈjavən at ˈvuɾʲθʲɪ k ˈanʲɾʲaxtəm || sʲiː sʲɪnʲ bʲɪˈdʒɑːvd mʲɪd fərˈstandə ək kɔʃi'jɛntsʲə | ək ˈθˠʊɾəvən bʲɪˈdʲɾʲiːvən iːn gaʃt ˈnʲɑːfʲstə jɪn andə ˈbrɑːθʲɪɾiːdəɾ]
:''All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
:''All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''


===Gettysburg Address===
===Gettysburg Address===
''Achtich-sieven jarþer þier isь et, after unsьre fadrie gebaren án þizem jarþedýlie a niúe nación, tiúszt in fríhýd, ok ervíszt þem belóvnyse þat ale mansken sinь skafen javen.''
''Achtich-sieven jarþer þier isь et, after unsьre fadrie gebaren án þizem jarþedylie a niúe nación, tiúszt in fríhyd, ok ervíszt þem belóvnyse þat ale mansken sinь skafen javen.''


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]