Glommish: Difference between revisions
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==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
===Native script=== | ===Native script=== | ||
The native script, called ''þe þiúske | The native script, called ''þe þiúske vryt'' is a descendant of the Latin alphabet. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
There are five phonemic vowel qualities with length. '''y | There are five phonemic vowel qualities with length. '''y y''' can be considered non-palatalizing allophones of '''i í'''. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | ||
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| '''í''' /iː/ | | '''í''' /iː/ | ||
| ('''y''' /ɨ/) | | ('''y''' /ɨ/) | ||
| (''' | | ('''y''' /ɨː/) | ||
| '''u''' /ʊ/ | | '''u''' /ʊ/ | ||
| '''ú''' /uː/ | | '''ú''' /uː/ | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Also: ''andie'' 'end', ''ave'' 'river', ''biare'' 'bear', ''funie'' 'fire', '' | Also: ''andie'' 'end', ''ave'' 'river', ''biare'' 'bear', ''funie'' 'fire', ''fytie'' 'wheat', ''hiarte'' 'heart', ''knave'' 'slave', ''mage'' 'throat', ''ukse'' 'ox', ''vatie'' 'water', ''yriene'' 'copper'. [''ave'' can also be declined like a feminine noun.] | ||
====Feminine nouns==== | ====Feminine nouns==== | ||
Nouns of this declension type are always feminine in modern {{PAGENAME}}. Nouns with certain suffixes like ''-yng'' (deverbal noun) or ''- | Nouns of this declension type are always feminine in modern {{PAGENAME}}. Nouns with certain suffixes like ''-yng'' (deverbal noun) or ''-hyd'' (abstract noun) and loanwords that were feminine in the source language also belong in this class. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | ||
! colspan="3" | ''naze'' (f.) 'nose' | ! colspan="3" | ''naze'' (f.) 'nose' | ||
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! "much, many" | ! "much, many" | ||
| ''miczel, micz'' (not declined) | | ''miczel, micz'' (not declined) | ||
| '' | | ''myr'' | ||
| '' | | ''myste'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! "few, little" | ! "few, little" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Other examples: '' | Other examples: ''orvydien'' 'work'; ''hórien'' 'hear'; ''lyrien'' 'teach'; ''sażen'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ránien'' 'execute, set into motion'; ''bránien'' 'burn (transitive)'; ''lażen'' 'lay'; ''vunszen'' 'wish' | ||
Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. ''brinżen, brachtь, bracht'' 'bring'; ''bużen, buchtь, bucht'' 'buy'; ''þanczen, þachtь, þacht'' - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs. | Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. ''brinżen, brachtь, bracht'' 'bring'; ''bużen, buchtь, bucht'' 'buy'; ''þanczen, þachtь, þacht'' - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs. | ||
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=====Strong class 7===== | =====Strong class 7===== | ||
halden, | halden, hyld, halden - to hold | ||
fálen, | fálen, fyl, fálen - to fall | ||
liáten, lít, liáten - to let | liáten, lít, liáten - to let | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''vyt'' || ''vyt'' || ''vyt'' || ''vitem'' || ''viteþ'' || ''vitenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! subjunctive | ! subjunctive | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''vyt!'' / ''vyte!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''viteþ!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
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*''-dám'' (m): "-dom" | *''-dám'' (m): "-dom" | ||
*''end-'': 'de-, dis-' | *''end-'': 'de-, dis-' | ||
**'' | **''endyren'': 'dishonor' | ||
*''er-'': telic | *''er-'': telic | ||
*''fer-'': "for-" | *''fer-'': "for-" | ||
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*''ge-'': intensifies a verb or derives an adverb; collective nouns | *''ge-'': intensifies a verb or derives an adverb; collective nouns | ||
**A false example: ''geliór'' ('galore', from Irish ''go leor'') | **A false example: ''geliór'' ('galore', from Irish ''go leor'') | ||
*''- | *''-hyd'' /-iːd/: -ness, -hood | ||
**'' | **''sialvhyd'': 'identity' | ||
*''-ich'': "-y"; forms adjectives of the form '[adj]-[noun]ed' | *''-ich'': "-y"; forms adjectives of the form '[adj]-[noun]ed' | ||
**'' | **''ynóżich'': 'one-eyed' < ''yn'' 'one' + ''óge'' 'eye' | ||
**''kaldhiertich'': 'coldhearted' | **''kaldhiertich'': 'coldhearted' | ||
*''-iel'': forms nouns | *''-iel'': forms nouns | ||
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*''-nys'': forms nouns from verbs | *''-nys'': forms nouns from verbs | ||
*''-nie'': feminine suffix | *''-nie'': feminine suffix | ||
**''þí | **''þí lyrernie'' 'teacher (female)' < ''þe lyrerь'' 'teacher' | ||
**''þí fuksnie'' 'vixen' < ''þe fuks'' 'fox' | **''þí fuksnie'' 'vixen' < ''þe fuks'' 'fox' | ||
*''sam-'': equi-, con-, together | *''sam-'': equi-, con-, together | ||
*''-sam'': "-some" | *''-sam'': "-some" | ||
**'' | **''ynsam'' 'lonely' < ''yn'' 'one' | ||
**''gefiársam'' 'dangerous' < ''þí gefiár'' 'danger' | **''gefiársam'' 'dangerous' < ''þí gefiár'' 'danger' | ||
**'' | **''vysam'' 'woeful' < ''þe vy'' 'woe' | ||
*''-sk'': "-ish" | *''-sk'': "-ish" | ||
*''-skapie'': "-ship", forms collective nouns for groups of people | *''-skapie'': "-ship", forms collective nouns for groups of people | ||
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**''þí unróe'' 'unrest, unease' | **''þí unróe'' 'unrest, unease' | ||
*''ur-'' | *''ur-'' | ||
**''þe | **''þe urdylь'' 'decision' < ''dylь'' 'part' | ||
*''-yng/-ing'': forms nouns from verbs | *''-yng/-ing'': forms nouns from verbs | ||
**''þí sriályng'' 'radiation' < ''sriálen'' 'shine, radiate' | **''þí sriályng'' 'radiation' < ''sriálen'' 'shine, radiate' | ||
**''þí | **''þí hyting'' 'heating' < ''hytien'' 'to heat' | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: ''þí żáve míns fadiers'' 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too when the noun is definite: ''míns fadiers żáve''. | Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: ''þí żáve míns fadiers'' 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too when the noun is definite: ''míns fadiers żáve''. | ||
For predicative possession {{PAGENAME}}, in addition to using ''hán'' 'to have' like other Germanic languages, can use a construction similar to Irish: ''Et isь at mír | For predicative possession {{PAGENAME}}, in addition to using ''hán'' 'to have' like other Germanic languages, can use a construction similar to Irish: ''Et isь at mír tvy sunie.'' "I have two sons." (lit. There are two sons at me, like Irish ''Tá dhá mhac agam'') | ||
===Simple tenses=== | ===Simple tenses=== | ||
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====Subjunctive==== | ====Subjunctive==== | ||
The subjunctive is used in subjunctive clauses specifying a wish or a requirement. | The subjunctive is used in subjunctive clauses specifying a wish or a requirement. | ||
:'''''Ik ví þat er | :'''''Ik ví þat er blyve mid mír.''''' | ||
:''I want him to stay with me.'' | :''I want him to stay with me.'' | ||
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Like in German. In formal Thedish, the verb, if in present tense, is put in the subjunctive. | Like in German. In formal Thedish, the verb, if in present tense, is put in the subjunctive. | ||
====Exclamatory inversion==== | ====Exclamatory inversion==== | ||
:'''''Aj, isь | :'''''Aj, isь aldyrsk ogel!''''' | ||
:''Boy, is Old Irish complicated!'' | :''Boy, is Old Irish complicated!'' | ||
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{{PAGENAME}} uses a base-120 system (derived from the native Germanic long hundred). | {{PAGENAME}} uses a base-120 system (derived from the native Germanic long hundred). | ||
0-10: syfer, | 0-10: syfer, yn, tvy, þrí, fiór, finf, siaks, sieven, acht, nión, tién | ||
/sɨfər, ɨːn, tvɨː, θʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲɪnf, sʲaks, sʲɛvən, axt, nʲoːn, tʲeːn/ | /sɨfər, ɨːn, tvɨː, θʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲɪnf, sʲaks, sʲɛvən, axt, nʲoːn, tʲeːn/ | ||
11-19: | 11-19: ylьf, tvalьf, þrítién, fiórъtién, finfъtién, siaksъtién, siefъtién, achtién, nióntién | ||
/ɨːlʲɪf, tvalʲɪf, θʲrʲiːtʲeːn, fʲoːrtʲeːn, fʲɪnftʲeːn, sʲakstʲeːn, sʲɛftʲeːn, axtʲeːn, nʲoːnʲtʲeːn/ | /ɨːlʲɪf, tvalʲɪf, θʲrʲiːtʲeːn, fʲoːrtʲeːn, fʲɪnftʲeːn, sʲakstʲeːn, sʲɛftʲeːn, axtʲeːn, nʲoːnʲtʲeːn/ | ||
20-110: | 20-110: tvyntich, þrítich, ... achtich, nióntich, tiántich, ylftich | ||
/tvɨːnʲtʲɪx, etc./ | /tvɨːnʲtʲɪx, etc./ | ||
21, 22, ...: | 21, 22, ...: yn-an-tvyntich, tvy-an-tvyntich, ... | ||
120: hunderþ | 120: hunderþ | ||
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/'mi:rʲə/ | /'mi:rʲə/ | ||
Ordinal numbers are formed with ''-te'' or ''-þe'' (weak declension): ''syferþe, | Ordinal numbers are formed with ''-te'' or ''-þe'' (weak declension): ''syferþe, yrste, tvyþe, þridie, fiórþe, finfþe, ...'' | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
A sentence made entirely of Celtic vocabulary (except function words and prefixes): | A sentence made entirely of Celtic vocabulary (except function words and prefixes): | ||
''Þe druke map isь at | ''Þe druke map isь at ferbytren þe móre ave.'' = the bad boy is crossing the big river. | ||
==Phrasebook== | ==Phrasebook== | ||
*'' | *''Hyl!'' = 'Hello!' | ||
**'' | **''Hyl þír!'' = 'Hello!' (informal AND to one person) | ||
**'' | **''Hyl ú!'' = 'Hello!' (formal OR to more than one person) | ||
*''Gáde murgen/dag/jévenþ/nachtie!'' = 'Good morning/afternoon/evening/night!' | *''Gáde murgen/dag/jévenþ/nachtie!'' = 'Good morning/afternoon/evening/night!' | ||
*''Vilьpiumen!'' = 'Welcome!' | *''Vilьpiumen!'' = 'Welcome!' | ||
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*''Rió isь mír.'' = 'I'm sorry.' | *''Rió isь mír.'' = 'I'm sorry.' | ||
*''Rió'sь.'' = 'Sorry.' | *''Rió'sь.'' = 'Sorry.' | ||
*''Fí | *''Fí hyteþ úr?'' = 'What is your name?' | ||
*''Ik | *''Ik hyte ...'' = 'My name is ...' | ||
*''Fanьs piameþ úr?'' = 'Where are you from?' | *''Fanьs piameþ úr?'' = 'Where are you from?' | ||
*''Ik piame av...'' = 'I'm from ...' | *''Ik piame av...'' = 'I'm from ...' | ||
**''Angland.'' = 'England'. | **''Angland.'' = 'England'. | ||
**''Þiúskland.'' = 'Thedeland.' | **''Þiúskland.'' = 'Thedeland.' | ||
**'' | **''yreland.'' = 'Ireland.' | ||
**''Kamberland.'' = 'Wales.' | **''Kamberland.'' = 'Wales.' | ||
*''Spriakeþ ú ...'' = 'Do you speak ...' | *''Spriakeþ ú ...'' = 'Do you speak ...' | ||
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*''Já.'' = 'Yes.' | *''Já.'' = 'Yes.' | ||
**''Já, úr máteþ.'' = 'Yes, you may.' | **''Já, úr máteþ.'' = 'Yes, you may.' | ||
*'' | *''Ny.'' = 'No.' | ||
*''Ik spriake yncz þiúsk.'' = 'I can't speak Þiúsk.' | *''Ik spriake yncz þiúsk.'' = 'I can't speak Þiúsk.' | ||
*''Mát ik ú þúten?'' = 'May I address you informally (i.e. using ''þú'')?' | *''Mát ik ú þúten?'' = 'May I address you informally (i.e. using ''þú'')?' | ||
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*''Biarhard'' (m.) ("bear-hard"; ~ Bernard) | *''Biarhard'' (m.) ("bear-hard"; ~ Bernard) | ||
*''Gardie'' (f.) (~ Gerðr) | *''Gardie'' (f.) (~ Gerðr) | ||
*'' | *''Gyr-'' ("spear") | ||
**'' | **''Gyrhard'' (~ Gerhard) | ||
**'' | **''Gyrnod'' (~ Gernot) | ||
**'' | **''Gyrъhildь'' (~ Gerhilde) | ||
*''Hazel'' /hazəɫ/ (f.) ("hazel") | *''Hazel'' /hazəɫ/ (f.) ("hazel") | ||
*''Hildie'' /çɪlʲdʲə/, ''-hildь'' (f.) (< hildiz "battle") | *''Hildie'' /çɪlʲdʲə/, ''-hildь'' (f.) (< hildiz "battle") | ||
*''Kól'' (m.) (From a Celtic word for "hazel") | *''Kól'' (m.) (From a Celtic word for "hazel") | ||
*''Machtildь'' (f.) ("mighty in battle"; ~ Matilda, Mechthild) | *''Machtildь'' (f.) ("mighty in battle"; ~ Matilda, Mechthild) | ||
*'' | *''Onlyv'' (m.) (~ Olaf) | ||
*''Priten'' (m.) (~ Brittany) | *''Priten'' (m.) (~ Brittany) | ||
*''Sanþie'' /ˈsanθʲə/ (f.) ("truth") | *''Sanþie'' /ˈsanθʲə/ (f.) ("truth") | ||
*''Siag-'' ("victory") | *''Siag-'' ("victory") | ||
**''Siagfriuþ'', ''Siaghildь'', ... | **''Siagfriuþ'', ''Siaghildь'', ... | ||
*'' | *''Svyn'' /svɨːn/ (m.) (*swainaz "servant"; ~ Sveinn/Sven) | ||
*''Þuner'' (m.) (*Þunraz) | *''Þuner'' (m.) (*Þunraz) | ||
*''Váden'' /vaːdən/ (m.) (~ Odin) | *''Váden'' /vaːdən/ (m.) (~ Odin) | ||
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*liúchtiestuf = phosphorus | *liúchtiestuf = phosphorus | ||
*sviál = sulfur | *sviál = sulfur | ||
* | *yriene = copper | ||
*siulver = silver | *siulver = silver | ||
*tin = tin | *tin = tin | ||
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==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
===Featured language banner=== | ===Featured language banner=== | ||
:'''''Þiz spriakmál vaz | :'''''Þiz spriakmál vaz ynst forrichtied.''''' | ||
:''This language was once featured.'' | :''This language was once featured.'' | ||
:'''''Þank jazer upmiáter kvalitár, | :'''''Þank jazer upmiáter kvalitár, fínhyder ok brúklikhyder stamnidie sum ta forrichtien jan.''''' | ||
:''Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage features, it has been voted as featured.'' | :''Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage features, it has been voted as featured.'' | ||
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===UDHR, Article 1=== | ===UDHR, Article 1=== | ||
:'''''Ále manьsken sinь buren frí ok javen án vurþie ok anriachtem. Sí sinь bieżávd mid ferstande ok koszijèncie ok þurven biedríven | :'''''Ále manьsken sinь buren frí ok javen án vurþie ok anriachtem. Sí sinь bieżávd mid ferstande ok koszijèncie ok þurven biedríven yn gaszt niáfьste in ande bráþierhyder.''''' | ||
:[ˈɑːɫə ˈmanʲsʲkən sʲɪnʲ ˈbʊɾən fʲɾʲiː ək ˈjavən at ˈvuɾʲθʲɪ k ˈanʲɾʲaxtəm || sʲiː sʲɪnʲ bʲɪˈdʒɑːvd mʲɪd fərˈstandə ək kɔʃi'jɛntsʲə | ək ˈθˠʊɾəvən bʲɪˈdʲɾʲiːvən iːn gaʃt ˈnʲɑːfʲstə jɪn andə ˈbrɑːθʲɪɾiːdəɾ] | :[ˈɑːɫə ˈmanʲsʲkən sʲɪnʲ ˈbʊɾən fʲɾʲiː ək ˈjavən at ˈvuɾʲθʲɪ k ˈanʲɾʲaxtəm || sʲiː sʲɪnʲ bʲɪˈdʒɑːvd mʲɪd fərˈstandə ək kɔʃi'jɛntsʲə | ək ˈθˠʊɾəvən bʲɪˈdʲɾʲiːvən iːn gaʃt ˈnʲɑːfʲstə jɪn andə ˈbrɑːθʲɪɾiːdəɾ] | ||
:''All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | :''All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | ||
===Gettysburg Address=== | ===Gettysburg Address=== | ||
''Achtich-sieven jarþer þier isь et, after unsьre fadrie gebaren án þizem | ''Achtich-sieven jarþer þier isь et, after unsьre fadrie gebaren án þizem jarþedylie a niúe nación, tiúszt in fríhyd, ok ervíszt þem belóvnyse þat ale mansken sinь skafen javen.'' | ||
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | ||