Glommish/Old

Old Thedish (þiudьskъ maþlъ) is the most recent common ancestor of the Thedic languages, Thedish and Ufirlandisg. It is a subbranch of the Oselo-Bruso-Thedic branch of Indo-European.

It evolved into Middle Thedish by ca. the 1200s.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar
Nasal		m m	n n
Stop /Affricate	voiceless	p p	t t		k c~k
	voiced	b b	d d		g ɟ~g
Fricative		f f~v	þ θ~ð	s s~z	h ç~x~h
Resonant		w ʋ	r r	l l	j j

All consonants except *j can be allophonically palatalized before front vowels (*e *ē *ö *ȫ *i *ī *ü *ǖ *eu *iu). The palatalization was still allophonic in Old Thedish but the allophonic palatalization may have been especially strong in k/g.

• -anz, -inz, -unz > -ąz, -įz, -ųz > -ār, -īr, -ūr
• kw, hw > p, f

Vowels

Old Thedish had the following vowels:

a ā e ē i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu ъ ъi ь /ɑ ɑː ɛ ɛː i iː ɔ ɔː œ œː u uː y yː au ɛu iu ə əi ĭ/

U-umlaut: a ā e ē i ī > o ō ö ȫ ü ǖ (from PGmc *a *ō/ā *e *ē *i *ī)

Vowel reflexes in stressed syllables:

a ā e ē ə̄ i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu

Þiúd'sk: > a á ia/ie iá ý i í o ó ie ié iu iú i í ó ió iú

Ufirlandisg: > a ā ia(üe after w) iā(üē after w) ē(uō after w) i(ü after w) ī(ǖ after w) uo uō üe üē u ū ü ǖ au iau ieu

Morphology

Nouns

o-stem: wulfъ (m.) 'wolf'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	wulfъ	wulfъi
Genitive	wulfъs	wulfa
Dative	wulfъi	wulfъmъ
Locative	wulfaþ	wulfъrъ

o-stem: jukъ (n.) 'yoke'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	jukъ	juka
Genitive	jukъs	juka
Dative	jukъi	jukъmъ
Locative	jukaþ	jukъrъ

eh2-stem: gēfa (f.) 'gift'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	gēfa	gēfar
Genitive	gēfar	gēfa
Dative	gēfai	gēfamъ
Locative	gēfai	gēfarъ

i-stem: gastь (m.) 'guest'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	gastь	gasti
Genitive	gastьs	gastьja
Dative	gasti	gastьmъ
Locative	gasti	gastьrъ

i-stem: marь (n.) 'sea'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	marь	mari
Genitive	marьs	marьja
Dative	mari	marьmъ
Locative	mari	marьrъ

u-stem: sunъ (m.) 'son'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sunъ	sunir
Genitive	sunor	sunьwa
Dative	suni	sunъmъ
Locative	sunew	sunъrъ

C-stem: burgь (f.) 'fortification'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	burgь	burgir
Genitive	burgir	burga
Dative	burgi	burgъmъ
Locative	burgь	burgъrъ

z-stem: lambъ (m.) 'lamb'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lambъ	lambьra
Genitive	lambьrь	lambьra
Dative	lambьrь	lambьrъmъ
Locative	lambьrь	lambьrъrъ

an-stem: auga (n.) 'eye'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	auga	augana
Genitive	augьnь	augъna
Dative	augьnь	augъmmъ
Locative	augьnь	augarъ

n-stem: harpa (f.) 'harp'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	harpa	harpanь
Genitive	harpanь	harpana
Dative	harpanь	harpamъ
Locative	harpanь	harparъ

n-stem: burþi (f.) 'birth'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	burþi	burþinь
Genitive	burþinь	burþina
Dative	burþinь	burþimъ
Locative	burþinь	burþirъ

r-stem: fader (m.) 'father'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	fader	fadrь
Genitive	fadъr	fadra
Dative	fadrь	fadrъmъ
Locative	fadrь	fadrъrъ

Verbs

Weak

leufanъ 'to love'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	leufa	leufasь	leufaþь	leufamъ	leufaþ	leufanþь
present subjunctive	leufa	leufas	leufa	leufam	leufaþ	leufan
past I	leufada	leufadest	leufade	leufadedъm	leufadedъd	leufadedъn
past II	leufas	leufast	leufas	leufasъm	leufasъd	leufaser
past subjunctive	leufadedi	leufadedir	leufadedi	leufadedim	leufadedid	leufadedin
imperative	-	leufa!	-	-	leufaþ!	-
present participle	leufand
past participle	leufadъ

hъilinъ 'to heal'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	hъilьja	hъilisь	hъiliþь	hъilimъ	hъiliþ	hъilinþь
present subjunctive	hъilьja	hъilis	hъili	hъilim	hъiliþ	hъilin
past I	hъilida	hъilidest	hъilide	hъilidedъm	hъilidedъd	hъilidedъn
past II	hъilis	hъilist	hъilis	hъilisъm	hъilisъd	hъiliser
past subjunctive	hъilidedi	hъilidedir	hъilidedi	hъilidedim	hъilidedid	hъilidedin
imperative	-	hъili!	-	-	hъiliþ!	-
present participle	hъilind
past participle	hъilidъ

Strong

wrītъnъ 'to write'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	wrīta	wrītьrь	wrītьdь	wrītъmъ	wrītьd	wrītъndь
present subjunctive	wrīta	wrītъir	wrītъi	wrītъim	wrītъid	wrītъin
past I	wrъit	wrъist	wrъit	wrъitъm	wrъitъd	wrъiter
past II	writъ	writь	writ	writъm	writъd	writъn
past subjunctive	writi	writir	writi	writim	writid	writin
imperative	-	wrīt!	-	-	wrītъd!	-
present participle	wrītъnd
past participle	writъnъ

keusъnъ 'to choose'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	keusa	kiusьrь	kiusьþь	keusъmъ	kiusьd	keusъndь
present subjunctive	keusa	keusъir	keusъi	keusъim	keusъid	keusъin
past I	kaus	kaust	kaus	kaurъm	kaurъd	kaurer
past II	kusъ	kusь	kus	kurъm	kurъd	kurъn
past subjunctive	kuri	kurir	kuri	kurim	kurid	kurin
imperative	-	keus!	-	-	kiusьd!	-
present participle	keusъnd
past participle	kurъnъ

bindъnъ 'to bind'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	binda	bindьrь	bindьþь	bindъmъ	bindьd	bindъndь
present subjunctive	binda	bindъir	bindъi	bindъim	bindъid	bindъin
past I	band	banst	band	bandъm	bandъd	bander
past II	bundъ	bundь	bund	bundъm	bundъd	bundъn
past subjunctive	bundi	bundir	bundi	bundim	bundid	bundin
imperative	-	bind!	-	-	bindьd!	-
present participle	bindъnd
past participle	bundъnъ

Adjectives

Adjectives had two declensions:

1. a declension following the original PIE adjective declension, and
2. a declension using the n-stem declension.

The first paradigm was used for predicative adjectives and circumstantial adjective phrases. The second paradigm was used for attributive adjectives.

Syntax

Constituent order

If the first constituent of a clause was the subject, it was verb final. Otherwise, the verb followed the first constituent, thus using a V2 word order.

Schleicher

Skēpъ auk hrussъi

Skēpъ, þat wulla ne hafis, sū hrussъi: ъinъ þungъnъ wagnъ teuhъndъ, auk ъinъ mauranъ hlostъ, auk ъinъ gumъnъ sneumъ berъndъ. Nu sagis skēpъ hrussъmъ: "Herta mir darьjьþь sewъndъi gumъnъ drīfъndъ hrussъi." Þanne sagiser hrussъi: "Hauri, skēp! Herta unsь darьjьþь þana sewъndъmъ: guma, fadь, ūtъ skēpъs wullai wurkiþь sir warmъnъ klъiþъ; auk skēpъ wulla ne hafъiþь." Þat hauridъ, flug skēpъ þurh akrъ.