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'''Togarmite''' (''dėgamit'' /degamit/ or ''lysėnyn dėgamijyn'' /ˈləsenən tegamijən/) is a Semitic language closely related to Hebrew. It is inspired by Lithuanian, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic) and the Semitic conlang Alashian.
'''Togarmite''' (''dėgamit'' /degamit/ or ''ha lysėn ha Dėgami'' /ˈləsenən tegamijən/) is a Semitic language closely related to Hebrew. It is inspired by Lithuanian, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic) and the Semitic conlang Alashian.


Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology of [[Togarmite/Old|Old Togarmite]], but has undergone some phonological and grammatical restructuring, taking features of the [[Verse:Lõis/Levantine sprachbund|Turkey-Northern Levant-Iranian sprachbund]], in common with [[L-Persian]], [[Padmanábha]] and [[Time Traveler English|English]]:
Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology of [[Togarmite/Old|Old Togarmite]], but has undergone some phonological and grammatical restructuring, taking features of the [[Verse:Lõis/Levantine sprachbund|Turkey-Northern Levant-Iranian sprachbund]], in common with [[L-Persian]], [[Padmanábha]] and [[Time Traveler English|English]]:
Line 60: Line 60:


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Togarmite uses an abugida based on the Phoenician alphabet, called ''albėþyn'' (after the first 2 letters).
Togarmite uses an abugida based on the Phoenician alphabet, called ''ha albėd'' (after the first 2 letters).


The abjadi letter names:
The abjadi letter names:
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|| ''lėm tarxy'' || ''my lėm sebt'' || ''-''
|| ''lėm tarxy'' || ''my lėm sebt'' || ''-''
|}
|}
Demonstratives come before nouns as in Arabic. The demonstratives "this" and "that" take the definite form.
Demonstratives come before nouns as in Arabic:
*''žini beidyn'' 'this house'
*''žini beid'' 'this house'
*''eli beidil'' 'those houses'
*''eli beidi'' 'those houses'


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
In some ways declension has simplified: Like [[Knánith]], Modern Togarmite has lost grammatical gender. Nouns and adjectives still have indefinite and definite states, but the construct state has been lost.  
In some ways declension has simplified: Like [[Knánith]], Modern Togarmite has lost grammatical gender. The construct state has been lost, and the definite state ''haC-'' has been reanalyzed as a separate definite article ''ha''.


However, declension has become more complicated in other ways. For example, Modern Togarmite has innovated more declension paradigms.
However, declension has become more complicated in other ways. For example, Modern Togarmite has innovated more pluralization paradigms.
===Regular declension===
===Regular declension===
Most nouns have a regular plural in ''-i'', definite ''-il''.
Most nouns have a regular plural in ''-i'', definite ''-il''.
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! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''ȝėlam'' || ''ȝėlam'''i'''''
| ''ȝėlam'' || ''ȝėlam'''i'''''
|-
! definite
| ''ȝėlam'''yn''''' || ''ȝėlam'''il'''''
|}
|}
===Segolates===
===Segolates===
Line 151: Line 148:
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''xalby'' || ''xlab'''i'''''
| ''xalby'' || ''xlab'''i'''''
|-
! definite
| ''xalby'''n''''' || ''xlab'''il'''''
|}
|}


Line 165: Line 159:
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''dėgam'''i''''' || ''dėgam'''ije'''''
| ''dėgam'''i''''' || ''dėgam'''ije'''''
|-
! definite
| ''dėgami'''jyn''''' || ''dėgami'''jel'''''
|}
|}


Line 178: Line 169:
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''šeȝar'''t''''' || ''šeȝar''
| ''šeȝar'''t''''' || ''šeȝar''
|-
! definite
| ''šeȝar'''tyn''''' || ''šeȝar'''il'''''
|}
|}


Line 192: Line 180:
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''øžny'' || ''øžn'''ė'''''
| ''øžny'' || ''øžn'''ė'''''
|-
! definite
| ''øžn'''yn''''' || ''øžn'''ėtil'''''
|}
|}


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! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''lysėn'' || ''lysėn'''ėt'''''
| ''lysėn'' || ''lysėn'''ėt'''''
|-
! definite
| ''lysėn'''yn''''' || ''lysėn'''ėtil'''''
|}
|}


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! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''apolož'''a''''' || ''apolož'''es'''''
| ''apolož'''a''''' || ''apolož'''es'''''
|-
! definite
| ''apolož'''an''''' || ''apolož'''ėtil'''''
|}
|}


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! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''þėm'''a''''' || ''þėm'''es''''' / ''þėm'''ata'''''
| ''þėm'''a''''' || ''þėm'''es''''' / ''þėm'''ata'''''
|-
! definite
| ''þėm'''an''''' || ''þėmė'''til''''' / ''þėmat'''atil'''''
|}
|}


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! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''heþ'''a''''' || ''heþ'''es'''''
| ''heþ'''a''''' || ''heþ'''es'''''
|-
! definite
| ''heþ'''an''''' || ''heþ'''ėtil'''''
|}
|}


Line 473: Line 446:
| ''hu/hi ažėxer''
| ''hu/hi ažėxer''
| ''nan ažėxer''
| ''nan ažėxer''
| ''aþøm ažėxeru''
| ''adøm ažėxeru''
| ''høm ažėxeru''
| ''høm ažėxeru''
|-
|-
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| ''hu/hi še wažxer''
| ''hu/hi še wažxer''
| ''nan še wažxer''
| ''nan še wažxer''
| ''aþøm šu wažxer''
| ''adøm šu wažxer''
| ''høm šu wažxer''
| ''høm šu wažxer''
|-
|-
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| ''hu/hi ažxeran''
| ''hu/hi ažxeran''
| ''nan ažxeran''
| ''nan ažxeran''
| ''aþøm ažxeran''
| ''adøm ažxeran''
| ''høm ažxeran''
| ''høm ažxeran''
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx yþydares''
| ''nėx ydytares''
| ''aþ/eþ yþydares''
| ''ad/ed ydytares''
| ''hu/hi þydares''
| ''hu/hi dytares''
| ''nan þydares''
| ''nan dytares''
| ''aþøm þydares''
| ''adøm dytares''
| ''høm þydares''
| ''høm dytares''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wyþydares''
| ''fiti wydytares''
| ''fit wyþydares''
| ''fit wydytares''
| ''fė wyþydares''
| ''fė wydytares''
| ''finė wyþydares''
| ''finė wydytares''
| ''fitøm wyþydares''
| ''fitøm wydytares''
| ''fu wyþydares''
| ''fu wydytares''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx yþydrėres''
| ''nėx ydytrėres''
| ''aþ/eþ yþydrėres''
| ''ad/ed ydytrėres''
| ''hu/hi þydrėres''
| ''hu/hi dytrėres''
| ''nan þydrėres''
| ''nan dytrėres''
| ''aþøm þydrėres''
| ''adøm dytrėres''
| ''høm þydrėres''
| ''høm dytrėres''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėx še wyþydares''
| ''nėx še wydytares''
| ''aþ/eþ še wyþydares''
| ''ad/ed še wydytares''
| ''hu/hi še wyþydares''
| ''hu/hi še wydytares''
| ''nan še wyþydares''
| ''nan še wydytares''
| ''aþøm šu wyþydares''
| ''adøm šu wydytares''
| ''høm šu wyþydares''
| ''høm šu wydytares''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx yþydaresan''
| ''nėx ydytaresan''
| ''aþ/eþ yþydaresan''
| ''ad/ed ydytaresan''
| ''hu/hi þydaresan''
| ''hu/hi dytaresan''
| ''nan þydaresan''
| ''nan dytaresan''
| ''aþøm þydaresun''
| ''adøm dytaresun''
| ''høm þydaresun''
| ''høm dytaresun''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe þydarus''
| ''ėbe dytarus''
| ''tėbe þydarus''
| ''tėbe dytarus''
| ''jėbe þydarus''
| ''jėbe dytarus''
| ''nėbe þydarus''
| ''nėbe dytarus''
| ''tėbu þydarus''
| ''tėbu dytarus''
| ''jėbu þydarus''
| ''jėbu dytarus''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
| ''li møþydaras''
| ''li mødytaras''
| ''lax/lex møþydaras''
| ''lax/lex mødytaras''
| ''lau/la møþydaras''
| ''lau/la mødytaras''
| ''lanė møþydaras''
| ''lanė mødytaras''
| ''laxøm møþydaras''
| ''laxøm mødytaras''
| ''laum møþydaras''
| ''laum mødytaras''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6|''þydares!''
|colspan=6|''dytares!''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''møþydares''
|colspan=6| ''mødytares''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''møþydaras''
|colspan=6| ''mødytaras''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wyþydares''
|colspan=6| ''wydytares''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''þydarus''
|colspan=6| ''dytarus''
|}
|}


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This binyan comes from the Št-stem and is directly related to the binyan ''istaf3ala'' in Arabic and the very rare binyan ''hishtaf3el'' in Biblical Hebrew.
This binyan comes from the Št-stem and is directly related to the binyan ''istaf3ala'' in Arabic and the very rare binyan ''hishtaf3el'' in Biblical Hebrew.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 7 conjugation: ''stytȝem'' 'try out'
|+ Binyan 7 conjugation: ''styþȝem'' 'try out'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx ystytȝem''
| ''nėx ystyþȝem''
| ''aþ/eþ ystytȝem''
| ''ad/ed ystyþȝem''
| ''hu/hi stytȝem''
| ''hu/hi styþȝem''
| ''nan stytȝem''
| ''nan styþȝem''
| ''aþøm stytȝem''
| ''adøm styþȝem''
| ''høm stytȝem''
| ''høm styþȝem''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wystytȝem''
| ''fidi wystyþȝem''
| ''fit wystytȝem''
| ''fid wystyþȝem''
| ''fė wystytȝem''
| ''fė wystyþȝem''
| ''finė wystytȝem''
| ''finė wystyþȝem''
| ''fitøm wystytȝem''
| ''fidøm wystyþȝem''
| ''fu wystytȝem''
| ''fu wystyþȝem''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx ystytėȝem''
| ''nėx ystyþėȝem''
| ''aþ/eþ ystytėȝem''
| ''ad/ed ystyþėȝem''
| ''hu/hi stytėȝem''
| ''hu/hi styþėȝem''
| ''nan stytėȝem''
| ''nan styþėȝem''
| ''aþøm stytėȝem''
| ''adøm styþėȝem''
| ''høm stytėȝem''
| ''høm styþėȝem''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėx še wystytȝem''
| ''nėx še wystyþȝem''
| ''aþ/eþ še wystytȝem''
| ''ad/ed še wystyþȝem''
| ''hu/hi še wystytȝem''
| ''hu/hi še wystyþȝem''
| ''nan še wystytȝem''
| ''nan še wystyþȝem''
| ''aþøm šu wystytȝem''
| ''adøm šu wystyþȝem''
| ''høm šu wystytȝem''
| ''høm šu wystyþȝem''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx ystytȝeman''
| ''nėx ystyþȝeman''
| ''aþ/eþ ystytȝeman''
| ''ad/ed ystyþȝeman''
| ''hu/hi stytȝeman''
| ''hu/hi styþȝeman''
| ''nan stytȝeman''
| ''nan styþȝeman''
| ''aþøm stytȝemun''
| ''adøm styþȝemun''
| ''jystytȝemun''
| ''jystyþȝemun''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe stytȝum''
| ''ėbe styþȝum''
| ''tėbe stytȝum''
| ''tėbe styþȝum''
| ''jėbe stytȝum''
| ''jėbe styþȝum''
| ''nėbe stytȝum''
| ''nėbe styþȝum''
| ''tėbu stytȝum''
| ''tėbu styþȝum''
| ''jėbu stytȝum''
| ''jėbu styþȝum''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
| ''li møstytȝam''
| ''li møstyþȝam''
| ''lax/lex møstytȝam''
| ''lax/lex møstyþȝam''
| ''lau/la møstytȝam''
| ''lau/la møstyþȝam''
| ''lanė møstytȝam''
| ''lanė møstyþȝam''
| ''laxøm møstytȝam''
| ''laxøm møstyþȝam''
| ''laum møstytȝam''
| ''laum møstyþȝam''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''stytȝem!''
| ''styþȝem!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''stytȝemu!''
| ''styþȝemu!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''møstytȝem''
|colspan=6| ''møstyþȝem''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''møstytȝam''
|colspan=6| ''møstyþȝam''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wystytȝem''
|colspan=6| ''wystyþȝem''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''stytȝum''
|colspan=6| ''styþȝum''
|}
|}


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It is used for recent loan verbs like ''maksimezi'' 'to maximize', but can also be used to derive verbs from native nouns:
It is used for recent loan verbs like ''maksimezi'' 'to maximize', but can also be used to derive verbs from native nouns:
*''mydrasi'' 'to school' (from ''mydras'' 'school')
*''mydrasi'' 'to school' (from ''mydras'' 'school')
*''þaxili'' 'to consume' (from ''þaxil'' 'consumption', itself from the root √ʔ-x-l 'to eat')
*''daxili'' 'to consume' (from ''daxil'' 'consumption', itself from the root √ʔ-x-l 'to eat')
*''žaxoji'' 'to entitle, to allow' (from ''žaxo'' 'right')
*''žaxoji'' 'to entitle, to allow' (from ''žaxo'' 'right')
*''ȝeini'' 'to eye' (from ''ȝein'' 'eye')
*''ȝeini'' 'to eye' (from ''ȝein'' 'eye')
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The endings are mainly derived from Middle Togarmite forms of 3-y verbs.
The endings are mainly derived from Middle Togarmite forms of 3-y verbs.
*[STEM]-i = active
*[STEM]-i = active
*þy-[STEM]-i = re-
*dy-[STEM]-i = re-
*mø- = active participle
*mø- = active participle
*-ėþ = infinitive
*-ėt = infinitive
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Weak verb conjugation: ''mydrasi'' 'to school'
|+ Weak verb conjugation: ''mydrasi'' 'to school'
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! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx ymydrasi''
| ''nėx ymydrasi''
| ''aþ/eþ ymydrasi''
| ''ad/ed ymydrasi''
| ''hu/hi mydrasi''
| ''hu/hi mydrasi''
| ''nan mydrasi''
| ''nan mydrasi''
| ''aþøm mydrasi''
| ''adøm mydrasi''
| ''høm mydrasi''
| ''høm mydrasi''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wymydrasi''
| ''fidi wymydrasi''
| ''fit wymydrasi''
| ''fid wymydrasi''
| ''fė wymydrasi''
| ''fė wymydrasi''
| ''finė wymydrasi''
| ''finė wymydrasi''
| ''fitøm wymydrasi''
| ''fidøm wymydrasi''
| ''fu wymydrasi''
| ''fu wymydrasi''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx ymydrasė''
| ''nėx ymydrasė''
| ''aþ/eþ ymydrasė''
| ''ad/ed ymydrasė''
| ''hu/hi mydrasė''
| ''hu/hi mydrasė''
| ''nan mydrasė''
| ''nan mydrasė''
| ''aþøm mydrasė''
| ''adøm mydrasė''
| ''høm mydrasė''
| ''høm mydrasė''
|-
|-
Line 945: Line 918:
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx ymydrasan''
| ''nėx ymydrasan''
| ''aþ/eþ ymydrasan''
| ''ad/ed ymydrasan''
| ''hu/hi mydrasan''
| ''hu/hi mydrasan''
| ''nan mydrasan''
| ''nan mydrasan''
| ''aþøm mydrasun''
| ''adøm mydrasun''
| ''høm mydrasun''
| ''høm mydrasun''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe mydrasėþ''
| ''ėbe mydrasėt''
| ''tėbe mydrasėþ''
| ''tėbe mydrasėt''
| ''jėbe mydrasėþ''
| ''jėbe mydrasėt''
| ''nėbe mydrasėþ''
| ''nėbe mydrasėt''
| ''tėbu mydrasėþ''
| ''tėbu mydrasėt''
| ''jėbu mydrasėþ''
| ''jėbu mydrasėt''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
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|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''mydrasėþ''
|colspan=6| ''mydrasėt''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''fiti''
| ''fidi''
| ''fit''
| ''fid''
| ''fė''
| ''fė''
| ''finė''
| ''finė''
| ''fitøm''
| ''fidøm''
| ''fu''
| ''fu''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wyfė''
| ''fidi wyfė''
| ''fit wyfė''
| ''fid wyfė''
| ''fė wyfė''
| ''fė wyfė''
| ''finė wyfė''
| ''finė wyfė''
| ''fitøm wyfė''
| ''fidøm wyfė''
| ''fu wyfė''
| ''fu wyfė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx še'' (or ''nėx'')
| ''nėx še'' (or ''nėx'')
| ''aþ/eþ še'' (or ''aþ/eþ'')
| ''ad/ed še'' (or ''ad/ed'')
| ''hu/hi še'' (or ''hu/hi'')
| ''hu/hi še'' (or ''hu/hi'')
| ''nan še'' (or ''nan'')
| ''nan še'' (or ''nan'')
| ''aþøm šu'' (or ''aþøm'')
| ''adøm šu'' (or ''adøm'')
| ''høm šu'' (or ''høm'')
| ''høm šu'' (or ''høm'')
|-
|-
Line 1,036: Line 1,009:
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe fėþ''
| ''ėbe fėt''
| ''tėbe fėþ''
| ''tėbe fėt''
| ''jėbe fėþ''
| ''jėbe fėt''
| ''nėbe fėþ''
| ''nėbe fėt''
| ''tėbu fėþ''
| ''tėbu fėt''
| ''jėbu fėþ''
| ''jėbu fėt''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 1,056: Line 1,029:
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''fėþ''
|colspan=6| ''fėt''
|}
|}


Line 1,072: Line 1,045:
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nex yxel''
| ''nex yxel''
| ''aþ/eþ yxel''
| ''ad/ed yxel''
| ''hu/hi xel''
| ''hu/hi xel''
| ''nan xel''
| ''nan xel''
| ''aþøm xel''
| ''adøm xel''
| ''høm xel''
| ''høm xel''
|-
|-
Line 1,096: Line 1,069:
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx yxelan''
| ''nėx yxelan''
| ''aþ/eþ yxelan''
| ''ad/ed yxelan''
| ''hu/hi xelan''
| ''hu/hi xelan''
| ''nan xelan''
| ''nan xelan''
| ''aþøm xelun''
| ''adøm xelun''
| ''høm xelun''
| ''høm xelun''
|-
|-
Line 1,136: Line 1,109:
! present
! present
| ''nėx høbė''
| ''nėx høbė''
| ''aþ/eþ høbė''
| ''ad/ed høbė''
| ''hu/hi høbė''
| ''hu/hi høbė''
| ''nan høbu''
| ''nan høbu''
| ''aþøm høbu''
| ''adøm høbu''
| ''høm høbu''
| ''høm høbu''
|}
|}
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|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''hwiti wyrši''
| ''hwidi wyrši''
| ''hwit wyrši''
| ''hwid wyrši''
| ''hwė wyrši''
| ''hwė wyrši''
| ''hwinė wyrši''
| ''hwinė wyrši''
| ''hwitøm wyrši''
| ''hwidøm wyrši''
| ''hwu wyrši''
| ''hwu wyrši''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx ryšė''
| ''nėx ryšė''
| ''aþ/eþ ryšė''
| ''ad/ed ryšė''
| ''hu/hi ryšė''
| ''hu/hi ryšė''
| ''nan ryšu''
| ''nan ryšu''
| ''aþøm ryšu''
| ''adøm ryšu''
| ''høm ryšu''
| ''høm ryšu''
|-
|-
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*''ly'' (''l'' before V) 'to'
*''ly'' (''l'' before V) 'to'
*''by'' (''b'' before V) 'by, at'
*''by'' (''b'' before V) 'by, at'
*''šydo'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
*''šyto'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from'
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from'
*''ȝem'' 'with'
*''ȝem'' 'with'
*''ȝal'' 'on'
*''ȝal'' 'on'
*''lid'' 'of (possessive)'
*''lit'' 'of (possessive)'
*''ȝbar'' 'over'
*''ȝbar'' 'over'
*''þaþ'' 'under'
*''dad'' 'under'
*''arþo'' 'down' (from *ʔarþ-ah "earthward")
*''ardo'' 'down' (from *ʔarþ-ah "earthward")
*''darxan'' 'along'
*''tarxan'' 'along'
===Syntax of prepositions===
===Syntax of prepositions===


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===Cardinal===
===Cardinal===
0: cefry
0: cefry
1: yhad
1: yhat
2: šnein / attributive šnė
2: šnein / attributive šnė
3: šlėš (animate šlėšt)
3: šlėš (animate šlėšt)
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7: sabȝy (animate sabȝyt)
7: sabȝy (animate sabȝyt)
8: šmėni (animate šmėnt)
8: šmėni (animate šmėnt)
9: þesȝy (animate tesȝyt)
9: desȝy (animate desȝyt)
10: ȝašry (animate ȝašryt)
10: ȝašry (animate ȝašryt)
11: ȝašry yhad
11: ȝašry yhat
12: ȝašry šnein
12: ȝašry šnein
20: ȝešrin
20: ȝešrin
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70: sybȝin
70: sybȝin
80: šmėnin
80: šmėnin
90: þesȝin
90: desȝin
100: me'yþ
100: me'yt
101: me'yþ yhad
101: me'yt yhat
200: meþein
200: metein
300: šlėš me'yþ
300: šlėš me'yt
400: yrbaȝ me'yþ
400: yrbaȝ me'yt
1000: alfy
1000: alfy
2000: alfein
2000: alfein
3000: šlėš alf
3000: šlėš alf
1000000: alfun
1000000: alfun
10^9: bėþfun
10^9: bėdfun
10^12: gamfun
10^12: gamfun
etc.
etc.
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Plural numerals usually take plural nouns. They used to take singular nouns, however this is considered archaic.
Plural numerals usually take plural nouns. They used to take singular nouns, however this is considered archaic.


Numbers ending in digits "3" through "9" (thus ending in ''šlėš'' through ''tesȝy''), or "10" (thus ending in ''ȝašry''), have two forms depending on the animacy of the noun: ''hymes myrþemi'' 'five abacuses', but ''hymest ahėþ'' 'five sisters'. The animate forms come from the masculine forms (reverse polarity) marked with ''*-t'' in Proto-Semitic.
Numbers ending in digits "3" through "9" (thus ending in ''šlėš'' through ''desȝy''), or "10" (thus ending in ''ȝašry''), have two forms depending on the animacy of the noun: ''hymes myrþemi'' 'five abacuses', but ''hymest ahėt'' 'five sisters'. The animate forms come from the masculine forms (reverse polarity) marked with ''*-t'' in Proto-Semitic.


===Ordinal===
===Ordinal===
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*7th = sbuȝ
*7th = sbuȝ
*8th = šmun
*8th = šmun
*9th = þsuȝ
*9th = dsuȝ
*10th = ȝšur
*10th = ȝšur
*11th = ȝašry-yȝlė
*11th = ȝašry-yȝlė
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===Fractional===
===Fractional===
Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhdy'' is used for numerals ending in "1".
Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhty'' is used for numerals ending in "1".
*half = gøb (from *gunb- 'side')
*half = gøb (from *gunb- 'side')
*3rd = šølšy
*3rd = šølšy
*4th = røbȝy
*4th = røbȝy
*11th = ȝašry-øhdy
*11th = ȝašry-øhty


To express "m/n", Togarmite uses "m nths": "2/3" is ''šnė šølaši''.
To express "m/n", Togarmite uses "m nths": "2/3" is ''šnė šølaši''.
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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Faulty accusative marker===
===Faulty accusative marker===
The faulty accusative marker ''iþ'' is used. It behaves like MSA accusative case and Welsh soft mutation: when there is a constituent separating the verb or predicate from a second constituent, ''iþ'' comes between the two constituents regardless of whether the second constituent is actually a direct object. Example:
The faulty accusative marker ''id'' is used. It behaves like MSA accusative case and Welsh soft mutation: when there is a constituent separating the verb or predicate from a second constituent, ''id'' comes between the two constituents regardless of whether the second constituent is actually a direct object. Example:


*''Halex wyfė li '''iþ''' šlėšt xlabi, wy ȝeþo lėš li '''iþ''' nux.'' = I used to have three dogs, and now I don't have any.
*''Halex wyfė li '''id''' šlėšt xlabi, wy ȝedo lėš li '''id''' nux.'' = I used to have three dogs, and now I don't have any.
*''Dėrestyn li ryšė li '''iþ''' ȝyšėþ rab þamuni beiþ.'' = My teacher wants me to do a lot of homework.
*''Ha tėrest li ryšė li '''id''' ȝyšėþ rab damuni beid.'' = My teacher wants me to do a lot of homework.


===Questions===
===Questions===
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*''Ha iš lex zman?'' = Do you (f. sg.) have time?
*''Ha iš lex zman?'' = Do you (f. sg.) have time?


The particle ''iš'' uses the accusative marker ''iþ'' when the "object" is animate.
The particle ''iš'' uses the accusative marker ''id'' when the "object" is animate.


===Conditional clauses===
===Conditional clauses===
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For relative clauses whose heads are prepositional objects in the relative clause, there are two strategies like in English:
For relative clauses whose heads are prepositional objects in the relative clause, there are two strategies like in English:


*In informal Togarmite, the relativizer is treated as a resumptive pronoun which takes the preposition, like English ''which'': ''gabryn ly xi nėx yþen maþanyn'', lit. 'the man to which I gave the gift'. This syntax arose from the influence of surrounding languages like English.
*In informal Togarmite, the relativizer is treated as a resumptive pronoun which takes the preposition, like English ''which'': ''ha gabry ly xi nėx yden ha madan'', lit. 'the man to which I gave the gift'. This syntax arose from the influence of surrounding languages like English.
*In formal Togarmite, the preposition goes to the end of the clause: ''gabryn xi nėx yþen maþanyn ly'' lit. 'the man which I gave the gift to'. This syntax arose from the native Semitic construction which used a resumptive pronoun on the preposition: after the resumptive pronoun lost the stress, the preposition lost its pronominal suffix and moved to the end of the clause.
*In formal Togarmite, the preposition goes to the end of the clause: ''ha gabry xi nėx yden ha madan ly'' lit. 'the man which I gave the gift to'. This syntax arose from the native Semitic construction which used a resumptive pronoun on the preposition: after the resumptive pronoun lost the stress, the preposition lost its pronominal suffix and moved to the end of the clause.
*A combination of both strategies can be used: ''gabryn ly xi nėx yþen maþanyn ly'', lit. 'The man to which I gave the gift to'.
*A combination of both strategies can be used: ''ha gabry ly xi nėx yden ha madan ly'', lit. 'The man to which I gave the gift to'.


==Derivation==
==Derivation==
===Noun and adjective patterns===
===Noun and adjective patterns===
*''CaCCy(þ), CeCCy(þ), CøCCy(þ)'' = segolates
*''CaCCy(t), CeCCy(t), CøCCy(t)'' = segolates
*''CyCiC'' = adjective; -able
*''CyCiC'' = adjective; -able
*''CyCuC'' = adjective; color
*''CyCuC'' = adjective; color
Line 1,334: Line 1,307:
*''myCCeC(t)'' = instrument
*''myCCeC(t)'' = instrument
*''maCCeCt'' = causative version of ''myCCeC(t)''  
*''maCCeCt'' = causative version of ''myCCeC(t)''  
*''þyCCuC'', ''þyCCiC'', ''þyCCėC'' = action or process
*''dyCCuC'', ''dyCCiC'', ''dyCCėC'' = action or process
*''þyCCøCt'' = (hypothetical cognate of Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
*''dyCCøCt'' = (hypothetical cognate of Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
*''CaCėC'' = agentive
*''CaCėC'' = agentive
**''CaCaCt'' = feminine agentive (not always used)
**''CaCaCt'' = feminine agentive (not always used)
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*''-in'' = collectives
*''-in'' = collectives
**''lamusin'' 'charity'
**''lamusin'' 'charity'
*''-uþ'' = abstract noun
*''-ud'' = abstract noun
*''-i'' = forms adjectives
*''-i'' = forms adjectives
*''-iþ'' = forms adverbs
*''-it'' = forms adverbs
*''i-'' = non-, un-
*''i-'' = non-, un-
**''ibašari'' 'incorporeal'
**''ibašari'' 'incorporeal'
**''iwøxli'' 'impossible'
**''iwøxli'' 'impossible'
*''tarmy-'' = pre-, not yet
*''þarmy-'' = pre-, not yet
**''tarmy-mynaša'' 'never married'
**''þarmy-mynaša'' 'never married'
*''-yr'' = someone who is characterized by X (from English)
*''-yr'' = someone who is characterized by X (from English)
**''wduȝyr'' 'know-it-all', from ''wduȝ'' 'knowledgeable'
**''wtuȝyr'' 'know-it-all', from ''wtuȝ'' 'knowledgeable'
*''-ri'' = -ry (from English)
*''-ri'' = -ry (from English)
**''kdėsri'' = excessive piousness or asceticism, from ''kdės'' 'holy'
**''kdėsri'' = excessive piousness or asceticism, from ''kdės'' 'holy'
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*''e-'' = a- (from ʔiC-, an assimilated form of the OTog preposition ''ʔin'' 'in'); these adjectives can usually only be predicative
*''e-'' = a- (from ʔiC-, an assimilated form of the OTog preposition ''ʔin'' 'in'); these adjectives can usually only be predicative
**''e'est'' 'ablaze'
**''e'est'' 'ablaze'
**''edarxy'' 'away'
**''etarxy'' 'away'
**''eþal'' 'galore' (lit. a-mound)
**''edal'' 'galore' (lit. a-mound)
**''emein'' 'drowned, lost forever', lit. awater
**''emein'' 'drowned, lost forever', lit. awater
*''-byl'' = -able (from English -able and native ''abȝel'' 'to be able to')
*''-byl'' = -able (from English -able and native ''abȝel'' 'to be able to')
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==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===Newton's laws of motion===
===Newton's laws of motion===
''I: Dbar šėbøþ by dymi, o by ȝyþėk enomorfy, lulė ydraȝ prėkes ȝal þež.''
''I: Tbar šėbød by tymi, o by ȝyþėk enomorfy, lulė ytraȝ prėkes ȝal dež.''


I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it.
I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it.


''II: Šanujyn in þyȝþikyn lid gaf še myþxøni l' øþisin møþyfacaryn ȝal gafyn; wy šanujyn kėrė darxan kauyn þykinyn žė ži øþisin še møþyfacar ȝal.''
''II: Ha šanuj in ha dyȝdik lit gaf še mydxøni la øþis ha mødyfacar ȝal ha gaf; wa šanuj kėrė tarxan ha kau ha dykin žė ži øþis še mødyfacar ȝal.''


II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied.
II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied.


''III: Iš ly xøl parkis iþ þyparkis is w' anteþet.''
''III: Iš ly xøl parkis id dyparkis is w' anteþet.''


III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Line 1,383: Line 1,356:
===O how quickly the sculpture of life===
===O how quickly the sculpture of life===
<poem>
<poem>
''O! Xma myhiriþ myklaȝyn lid hein''
''O! Xma myhirit ha myklaȝ lid ha hein''
''Šaber in temaša zȝarȝeri!''
''Šaber in temaša zȝarȝeri!''
''Mygiluþyn lid malxyn ȝal þrønyn lau''
''Ha mygilud lit ha malxy ȝal ha þrøn lau''
''Še xliliþ mygruf edarxy by gali jam.''
''Še xlilit mygruf etarxy by gali jam.''
''Aþøm xi jėþ heno mømancabta hen,''
''Adøm xi jėd heno mømancabta hen,''
''Ȝabry hen Elėh aþøm lawani ȝal arþyn.''
''Ȝabry hen Elėh adøm lawani ȝal ha ard.''
''Xøl lanė mødajan ȝal parkisi lanė;''
''Xøl lanė møtajan ȝal parkisi lanė;''
''Þnenė þėþ ly ȝnijyn, wy agaþeržijėþ had ly wdud.''
''Dnenė dėt la ȝni, wy agaþeržijėt hat ly wtut.''


O how quickly the sculpture of life
O how quickly the sculpture of life
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===Stairway To Heaven===
===Stairway To Heaven===
<poem>
<poem>
'''Maȝlyþ ly Symeiniþyn'''
'''Maȝlyt la Symeinit'''
Iš gabryþ xi še šur
Iš gabryt xi še šur
Xøl xi nėher še žahab
Xøl xi nėher še žahab
Wy hi še wykna maȝlyþ ly symeiniþyn
Wy hi še wykna maȝlyt la symeinit
</poem>
</poem>


===UDHR===
===UDHR===
''Xøl ynėsi še mewøladi hyruri w' isi in akšoprepjan wy žyxawil laum. Høm še møþyhanani ȝym ložeki wy synidisi wy høbu ly parkus l' odšni in ruh lid ahwuþ.''
''Xøl ynėsi še mewølati hyruri w' isi in ha akšoprepja wa žyxawi laum. Høm še mødyhanani ȝym ložeki wy synidisi wy høbu ly parkus l' otšni in ruh lit ahwud.''


all human-PL COP be.born/PASS.PART-PL free-PL and equal-PL in dignity-DEF.SG and right/PL-DEF.PL 3PL.POSS. 3PL COP grant/PASS.PART-PL with reason and conscience and ought-3PL to act.VN to one_another in spirit of brotherhood
all human-PL COP be.born/PASS.PART-PL free-PL and equal-PL in dignity-DEF.SG and right/PL-DEF.PL 3PL.POSS. 3PL COP grant/PASS.PART-PL with reason and conscience and ought-3PL to act.VN to one_another in spirit of brotherhood


/xøl ə'nesi ʃɛ mɛvø'ladi hə'ruri 'visi in akʃo'prepjan v ʒə'xavil løym || høm ʃɛ møθəha'nani ɣəm lo'ʒɛki fsəni'disi və 'høbu lə 'parkus 'lotʃni in ruh lid 'ahvuθ/
/xøl ə'nesi ʃɛ mɛvø'lati hə'ruri 'visi in ha akʃo'prepjan va ʒə'xavi løym || høm ʃɛ møθəha'nani ɣəm lo'ʒɛki və səni'disi və 'høbu lə 'parkus 'lotʃni in ruh lit 'ahvud/
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
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