Verse:Tdūrzů/Knench: Difference between revisions
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Numbers: | Numbers: | ||
0-10: afs, ódh (inanimate)/áth (animate), | 0-10: afs, ódh (inanimate)/áth (animate), šnay, šluš, arbą, homiš, šeš, šewą, šmun, tešą, ngaxør | ||
11-20: ódh/áth ngaxør, | 11-20: ódh/áth ngaxør, šnay ngaxør, šluš ngaxør, arbą ngaxør, homiš ngaxør, šeš ngaxør, šew ngaxør, hmun ngaxør, tešą ngaxør, ngaxrim | ||
40: stay ngaxrim | 40: stay ngaxrim | ||
60: | 60: šluš ngaxrim | ||
... | ... | ||
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*Swadesh list | *Swadesh list | ||
*''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-) | *''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-) | ||
*''bith'' or '' | *''bith'' or ''šą šer...'' = when... | ||
*Many adverbs are froma infinitive absolute | *Many adverbs are froma infinitive absolute | ||
*''likkori'' = to die (lit. be called) | *''likkori'' = to die (lit. be called) | ||
*'' | *''šovuą'' = week | ||
*''midhborø'' = conference | *''midhborø'' = conference | ||
*נא becomes a focus marker ''=nø'' | *נא becomes a focus marker ''=nø'' | ||
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===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
/m p b f v n t d θ ð ts s z ʃ ŋ k g x h l w j r/ {{angbr|''m p b f v n t d th dh ts s/x z | /m p b f v n t d θ ð ts s z ʃ ŋ k g x h l w j r/ {{angbr|''m p b f v n t d th dh ts s/x z š ng k g kh h l w y r''}} | ||
Glottal reinforcement (transcribed by ''tt kk'') occurs before historical Biblical Hebrew emphatics /tʼ kʼ tsʼ/, and also analogically in some other cases (cf. Glottalic PIE > RP English). | Glottal reinforcement (transcribed by ''tt kk'') occurs before historical Biblical Hebrew emphatics /tʼ kʼ tsʼ/, and also analogically in some other cases (cf. Glottalic PIE > RP English). | ||
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*The regular "masculine" plural suffix is -em or -e. | *The regular "masculine" plural suffix is -em or -e. | ||
*The regular "feminine" plural is -uth. | *The regular "feminine" plural is -uth. | ||
*However, there are many irregular plurals, especially nouns derived from construct state constructions. e.g. '' | *However, there are many irregular plurals, especially nouns derived from construct state constructions. e.g. ''benuš, blenuš'' = human | ||
''køfor, køforem'' = village, villages | ''køfor, køforem'' = village, villages | ||
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''i, iem'' = island, islands | ''i, iem'' = island, islands | ||
'' | ''kišø, kišuth'' = cucumber, cucumbers | ||
''gøfø, gøfuth'' = corpse, corpses | ''gøfø, gøfuth'' = corpse, corpses | ||
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*''hadhør-mittø'' 'bedroom' | *''hadhør-mittø'' 'bedroom' | ||
*''ngønove-th-anf'' 'the grapes of wrath' | *''ngønove-th-anf'' 'the grapes of wrath' | ||
*'' | *''nøšomø-th-ahwø'' 'spirit of brotherhood' | ||
Degree markers: | Degree markers: | ||
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*lakkakht /laʔˈkaxt/ = to take | *lakkakht /laʔˈkaxt/ = to take | ||
*lasakht /laˈsaxt/ = to go back | *lasakht /laˈsaxt/ = to go back | ||
* | *lašaft /laˈʃaft/ = to sit | ||
*lathett /laˈθeʔt/ = to give | *lathett /laˈθeʔt/ = to give | ||
*larast /laˈrast/ = to go down | *larast /laˈrast/ = to go down | ||
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* warn the listener of a future event or contingency: | * warn the listener of a future event or contingency: | ||
** '''''Zum''' sąraz tha lovu henø kol ngeth.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.' | ** '''''Zum''' sąraz tha lovu henø kol ngeth.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.' | ||
** '''''Zum''' tafkestaz mul lith ngal | ** '''''Zum''' tafkestaz mul lith ngal šom!'' = 'The function might not be onto! [in a hypothetical math textbook, cautioning against a tacit assumption a reader might make]' | ||
* often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lakh to mul yedhą ma '''zum''' i ląsuth lakh to!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!' | * often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lakh to mul yedhą ma '''zum''' i ląsuth lakh to!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!' | ||
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The order is tense-subject-verb-object. | The order is tense-subject-verb-object. | ||
:'''''R' | :'''''R'išaz bø lékhul tapuhaz.''''' | ||
:''The man is eating the apple.'' | :''The man is eating the apple.'' | ||
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*''botem gruliw'' = the big houses | *''botem gruliw'' = the big houses | ||
*''tøpuaz r' | *''tøpuaz r' išaz bø lékhul u'' = The apple, the man eats it | ||
There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatenation: '' | There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatenation: ''šem-mawkaz'' = the king's name. | ||
To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-az fu'' and ''X-az | To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-az fu'' and ''X-az šom'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''ze fu'' and ''ze šom'' (where the ''ze'' becomes ''ilø'' in the plural). | ||
The abstract demonstrative is ''zuth''. | The abstract demonstrative is ''zuth''. | ||
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===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
*re Pam '''ngal''' lalakht = Pam is about to go | *re Pam '''ngal''' lalakht = Pam is about to go | ||
*re Pam ''' | *re Pam '''dhøš''' lalakht = Pam has just went | ||
*re Pam '''bi''' lalakht = Pam has not went | *re Pam '''bi''' lalakht = Pam has not went | ||
===Sentence phrase=== | ===Sentence phrase=== | ||
===Complementizer=== | ===Complementizer=== | ||
There is a complementizer ''mur'' (from לאמר ''lēmōr'') or ''zuth'' (from זאת) depending on dialect. This is different from relative clauses, which use '' | There is a complementizer ''mur'' (from לאמר ''lēmōr'') or ''zuth'' (from זאת) depending on dialect. This is different from relative clauses, which use ''še'' (from אשר ''ʔăšer''). | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Many words are formed form earlier construct state combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable: | Many words are formed form earlier construct state combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable: | ||
*''anvinin, anevinin'' 'brick' from אבני בניין ''*ʔaḃ(a)nē ḃinyān'' 'building stones' | *''anvinin, anevinin'' 'brick' from אבני בניין ''*ʔaḃ(a)nē ḃinyān'' 'building stones' | ||
*'' | *''šavgom'' 'carnage, destruction' from שפך דם ''*šáṗek̇ dām'' 'spilling of blood' | ||
*''ngemem, ngememuth'' 'source' from עין מים ''ʕēn máyem'' 'spring of water' | *''ngemem, ngememuth'' 'source' from עין מים ''ʕēn máyem'' 'spring of water' | ||
*''løseppin'' 'to like' from נשא פני lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor' | *''løseppin'' 'to like' from נשא פני lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor' | ||
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==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===UDHR, Article 1=== | ===UDHR, Article 1=== | ||
:'''''Kol | :'''''Kol blenušiw vru'm lalest kø hofšem; hem šowim ngaw kovdaz ke tsrokkuthiw. Blenušiw vru'm lifkudh bø vinø ke kulaliv, ke re ngawem lalakht ngem šuthif bø nøšomø-th-ahwø.''''' | ||
:all human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free-M.PL; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.F.PL. human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES on-3PL walk with one_another with spirit-EZAFE-brotherhood. | :all human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free-M.PL; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.F.PL. human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES on-3PL walk with one_another with spirit-EZAFE-brotherhood. | ||
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | :''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | ||
===Tower of Babel=== | ===Tower of Babel=== | ||
# ''Var bø khol tevilaz tha zuthø sofø lødhabir ke vru luthøm miluthiw | # ''Var bø khol tevilaz tha zuthø sofø lødhabir ke vru luthøm miluthiw lešamiš.'' | ||
# ''Wini khi su'm bø lasątt me mizroh, su'm litakkiw bø | # ''Wini khi su'm bø lasątt me mizroh, su'm litakkiw bø mišuraz šinngor ke lithyašev šom.'' | ||
# ''Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, butonu ląsuth anevinin ke lattev léfuth em." Ke su anevininiw | # ''Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, butonu ląsuth anevinin ke lattev léfuth em." Ke su anevininiw løšamiš lom em kø avoniw, ke hemør kø mawtt.'' | ||
# ''Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, butonu levnuth kiriø ke mídøl bomi hi, yąs | # ''Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, butonu levnuth kiriø ke mídøl bomi hi, yąs rušu hu lagią le šomayem, ke nąs nu ląsuth lonu šem, ke klu nąs nu lithpazir pli kol tevilaz!"'' | ||
# ''Wini Eluim so u lovu mattø, ki yąs u lávitt bø kiriøzu ke mídølaz | # ''Wini Eluim so u lovu mattø, ki yąs u lávitt bø kiriøzu ke mídølaz šer yu blenušiw bø levnuth.'' | ||
# ''Ke Eluim so u lemur: " | # ''Ke Eluim so u lemur: "šą šer su'm hátholø ląsuth zuth kø hódh ngom šer bø lødhabir háth sofø, yiye mum mikhšul mul lø madovør šer yąsu løzumim ląsuth!'' | ||
# ''"Enø, bu tonu larest ke løvawbiw sofø-th-em, klu yąsu'm lávin | # ''"Enø, bu tonu larest ke løvawbiw sofø-th-em, klu yąsu'm lávin šuthif."'' | ||
# ''Ku Eluim so u løfazir em, ke su'm ládul levnuth kiriøzu.'' | # ''Ku Eluim so u løfazir em, ke su'm ládul levnuth kiriøzu.'' | ||
# ''Ke me sibøzu fu | # ''Ke me sibøzu fu šer kiriøzu bø lakkakht šemaz "Boviw" -- šom so Eluim løvawbiw sofø kol tevilaz. Me šom so Eluim løfazir em pli kol tevilaz.'' | ||
===Schleicher's Fable=== | ===Schleicher's Fable=== | ||