Idavic languages: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
*Consonants: b d j gw ɓ t’ č’ kʷ’ q’ p t č kʷ q s h ʔ m n l r w y ʕ
*Consonants: b d j g ɓ t’ č’ k’ kʷ’ q’ p t č k kʷ q s h ʔ m n l r w y ʕ
*Vowels: a i u ā ī ū ō ə
*Vowels: a i u ā ī ū ō ə
*Pitch accent: modal ('''á'''), creaky ('''aˀ''')
*Pitch accent: modal ('''á'''), creaky ('''aˀ''')
===Diachronics===
===Diachronics===
*b > v; ɓ > b; gw > g > γ > x
*b > v; ɓ > b; g > għ-, -j; j > ʒ
*Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H
*Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H
*q G q' > H ayin q
*q G q' > H ayin q
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*Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/
*Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
1- or 2- syllabic roots most common
1- or 2- syllabic roots most common: CVC, CVCC, CVCCa, CVCVC, CVCCVC
CVC, CVCC, CVCVC, CVCCVC


==Morphology==
==Morphology==

Revision as of 05:52, 13 March 2020

Ashe and Hirst's Shalaian grammar provides the following diachronics:

Phonology

  • Consonants: b d j g ɓ t’ č’ k’ kʷ’ q’ p t č k kʷ q s h ʔ m n l r w y ʕ
  • Vowels: a i u ā ī ū ō ə
  • Pitch accent: modal (á), creaky ()

Diachronics

  • b > v; ɓ > b; g > għ-, -j; j > ʒ
  • Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H
  • q G q' > H ayin q
  • further shifts: kʷ' > kʷ > xʷ
  • Vowel shifts: ā > /ɛɪ/ (except before pharyngeals); ō > /əʊ/, u > /ɒ/, iw > /ju:/
  • final -ā -ī shorten to -a -i
  • Loss of initial glottal stop, then loss of non-prevocalic /r/
  • Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/

Phonotactics

1- or 2- syllabic roots most common: CVC, CVCC, CVCCa, CVCVC, CVCCVC

Morphology

Tone changes were part of the morphology of Proto-Shalaian, as in Modern Shalaian.

The three genders, the strong and weak declensions and the two sets of possessive markers are all Proto-Shalaian features. Verbs were not inflected for tense or person, and were syntactically verbal nouns; it is thought that verbs developed personal marking later from possessed (even doubly-possessed) verbal noun forms.

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

The auxiliary

Syntax

Proto-Shalaian syntax was AuxVOS:

  • Stative verbs (eventually all intransitives): Aux_i prep VN-w_i S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
  • Dynamic verbs (eventually transitives): Aux_i prep s_j-VN-w_i O_j S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
  • Infinitive clauses: prep VN.INF-w_i S_i O ... (nom/acc in Shal.)