Hawari language: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! rowspan="2"|
! rowspan="2"|
! colspan="4" align="center" |Writing Systems
! colspan="3" align="center" |The most important scripts with IPA
! rowspan="2" |Sound type
! rowspan="2" |Sound type
|-
|-
Line 39: Line 39:
!IPA
!IPA
!Arabic
!Arabic
!Tongtseghayi
|-
|-
| '''(1)''' || A a || a || ا || v
| '''(1)''' || A a || a || ا || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(2)''' || Ã ã || ã || اࣸ || v
| '''(2)''' || Ã ã || ã || اࣸ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(3)''' || Ȧ ȧ || a / ɛ (f) || ا࣪ || v
| '''(3)''' || Ȧ ȧ || a / ɛ (f) || ا࣪ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(4)''' || Å å || a / - (f) || ا࣫ || v
| '''(4)''' || Å å || a / - (f) || ا࣫ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(5)''' || Â â || ɑ/ˑ/ː || اٚ || v
| '''(5)''' || Â â || ɑ/ˑ/ː || اٚ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(6)''' || Ậ ậ || ɔ || اٚ࣪ || v
| '''(6)''' || Ậ ậ || ɔ || اٚ࣪ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(7)''' || Ẫ ẫ || ɔ̃ || اࣷ || v
| '''(7)''' || Ẫ ẫ || ɔ̃ || اࣷ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(8)''' || Ā ā || æ/ˑ || ەٙ || v
| '''(8)''' || Ā ā || æ/ˑ || ەٙ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(9)''' || Ä ä || æː || ەٙٙ || v
| '''(9)''' || Ä ä || æː || ەٙٙ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(10)''' || Ă ă || ɐ̯ || اٛ || s
| '''(10)''' || Ă ă || ɐ̯ || اٛ || s ||
|-
|-
| '''(11)''' || B b || b || ب || c
| '''(11)''' || B b || b || ب || c ||
[[File:Hawari B.png|20px|frameless|center]]
|-
|-
| '''(12)''' || Bʰ bʰ || bʱ || ٻ || c
| '''(12)''' || Bʰ bʰ || bʱ || ٻ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(13)''' || C c || d͡ʒ || ج || c
| '''(13)''' || C c || d͡ʒ || ج || c ||
[[File:Hawari C.png|20px|frameless|center]]
|-
|-
| '''(14)''' || Cʰ cʰ || d͡ʒʱ || ڃ || c
| '''(14)''' || Cʰ cʰ || d͡ʒʱ || ڃ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(15)''' || Č č || .ʃt / ʃt. || ڄ || c
| '''(15)''' || Ç ç || t͡ʃ || چ || c ||
[[File:Hawari Ç.png|20px|frameless|center]]
|-
|-
| '''(16)''' || Ç ç || t͡ʃ || چ || c
| '''(16)''' || Č č || .ʃt / ʃt. || ڄ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(17)''' || Çʰ çʰ || t͡ʃʰ || ڇ || c
| '''(17)''' || Çʰ çʰ || t͡ʃʰ || ڇ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(18)''' || Ć ć || .st / st. || ڜ || c
| '''(18)''' || Ć ć || .st / st. || ڜ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(19)''' || D d || d || د || c
| '''(19)''' || D d || d || د || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(20)''' || Dʰ dʰ || dʱ || ڌ || c
| '''(20)''' || Dʰ dʰ || dʱ || ڌ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(21)''' || Ḓ ḓ || dˑ || دّ || c
| '''(21)''' || Ḓ ḓ || dˑ || دّ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(22)''' || Đ ð || ð || ذ || c
| '''(22)''' || Đ ð || ð || ذ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(23)''' || Ď ď || d͡ð || دٚ || c
| '''(23)''' || Ď ď || d͡ð || دٚ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(24)''' || Ḍ ḍ || dˤ || ڊ / ض || c
| '''(24)''' || Ḍ ḍ || dˤ || ڊ / ض || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(25)''' || Ḋ ḋ || ɖ || ډ || c
| '''(25)''' || Ḋ ḋ || ɖ || ډ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(26)''' || Ḑ ḑ || d͡ʑ || دٛ || c
| '''(26)''' || Ḑ ḑ || d͡ʑ || دٛ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(27)''' || E e || ɛ/ˑ/ː || ە || v
| '''(27)''' || E e || ɛ/ˑ/ː || ە || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(28)''' || Ė ė || ɛ / - (f) || ە࣪ || v
| '''(28)''' || Ė ė || ɛ / - (f) || ە࣪ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(29)''' || Ẽ ẽ || ẽ || ەࣷ || v
| '''(29)''' || Ẽ ẽ || ẽ || ەࣷ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(30)''' || Ê ê || e/ˑ/ː || ێ || v
| '''(30)''' || Ê ê || e/ˑ/ː || ێ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(31)''' || Ễ ễ || ẽ || یࣸ || v
| '''(31)''' || Ễ ễ || ẽ || یࣸ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(32)''' || Ë ë || ɯ̃ || ەࣸ || v
| '''(32)''' || Ë ë || ɯ̃ || ەࣸ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(33)''' || -eh || ɛˑh / ɛj (f) / ɛt (f) || ے || i
| '''(33)''' || -eh || ɛˑh / ɛj (f) / ɛt (f) || ے || i ||
|-
|-
| '''(34)''' || -êh || eˑh / ej (f) / et (f) || ےٛ || i
| '''(34)''' || -êh || eˑh / ej (f) / et (f) || ےٛ || i ||
|-
|-
| '''(35)''' || F f || f || ف || c
| '''(35)''' || F f || f || ف || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(36)''' || Fʰ fʰ || fʰ || فٚ || c
| '''(36)''' || Fʰ fʰ || fʰ || فٚ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(37)''' || G g || g || گ || c
| '''(37)''' || G g || g || گ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(38)''' || Gʰ gʰ || gʱ || گٛ || c
| '''(38)''' || Gʰ gʰ || gʱ || گٛ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(39)''' || Ĝ ĝ || ʁ̬ || ڠ || c
| '''(39)''' || Ĝ ĝ || ʁ̬ || ڠ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(40)''' || Ǧ ǧ || ɣ || غ || c
| '''(40)''' || Ǧ ǧ || ɣ || غ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(41)''' || Ģ ģ || ɟ || گٚ || c
| '''(41)''' || Ģ ģ || ɟ || گٚ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(42)''' || H h || h / j (f) / t (f) || ھ || i
| '''(42)''' || H h || h / j (f) / t (f) || ھ || i ||
|-
|-
| '''(43)''' || Hʰ hʰ || ɦ || ھٚ || c
| '''(43)''' || Hʰ hʰ || ɦ || ھٚ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(44)''' || Ḧ ḧ || h || ھْ || c
| '''(44)''' || Ḧ ḧ || h || ھْ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(45)''' || Ĥ ĥ || χ̬ || ھٛ || c
| '''(45)''' || Ĥ ĥ || χ̬ || ھٛ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(46)''' || Ħ ħ || ħ || ح || c
| '''(46)''' || Ħ ħ || ħ || ح || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(47)''' || I i || ɯ/ˑ/ː || ۀ || v
| '''(47)''' || I i || ɯ/ˑ/ː || ۀ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(48)''' || Į į || ɯ / - (f) || ۀٚ࣪ || c
| '''(48)''' || Į į || ɯ / - (f) || ۀٚ࣪ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(49)''' || Ǐ ǐ || ɯ(ˑ)j || ۀی || s
| '''(49)''' || Ǐ ǐ || ɯ(ˑ)j || ۀی || s ||
|-
|-
| '''(50)''' || Î î || i/ˑ || ی || v
| '''(50)''' || Î î || i/ˑ || ی || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(51)''' || Ī ī || iː || یٙٙ || v
| '''(51)''' || Ī ī || iː || یٙٙ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(52)''' || Ï ï || ɪ(ˑ)j || یٙ || s
| '''(52)''' || Ï ï || ɪ(ˑ)j || یٙ || s ||
|-
|-
| '''(53)''' || Îy îy || i(ˑ)j || ؽ || s
| '''(53)''' || Îy îy || i(ˑ)j || ؽ || s ||
|-
|-
| '''(54)''' || J j || ʒ || ژ || c
| '''(54)''' || J j || ʒ || ژ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(55)''' || Jʰ jʰ || ʒʱ || ڙ || c
| '''(55)''' || Jʰ jʰ || ʒʱ || ڙ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(56)''' || ᴶ ʲ || - || ٖ || c
| '''(56)''' || ᴶ ʲ || - || ٖ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(57)''' || Ĵ ĵ || ʑ || ږ || c
| '''(57)''' || Ĵ ĵ || ʑ || ږ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(58)''' || K k || k || ک || c
| '''(58)''' || K k || k || ک || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(59)''' || Kʰ kʰ || kʰ || ڪ || c
| '''(59)''' || Kʰ kʰ || kʰ || ڪ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(60)''' || Ǩ ǩ || q͡x / k͡x (d) || ڳ || c
| '''(60)''' || Ǩ ǩ || q͡x / k͡x (d) || ڳ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(61)''' || Ķ ķ || .ks / ks. || ګ || c
| '''(61)''' || Ķ ķ || .ks / ks. || ګ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(62)''' || Ḳ ḳ || c || کٚ || c
| '''(62)''' || Ḳ ḳ || c || کٚ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(63)''' || L l || l || ل || c
| '''(63)''' || L l || l || ل || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(64)''' || Lʰ lʰ || lʰ || ࢦ || c
| '''(64)''' || Lʰ lʰ || lʰ || ࢦ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(65)''' || Ĺ ĺ || ɫ || ڵ || c
| '''(65)''' || Ĺ ĺ || ɫ || ڵ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(66)''' || Ł ł || ʎ || ݪ || c
| '''(66)''' || Ł ł || ʎ || ݪ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(67)''' || Ļ ļ || ɭ || ڶ || c
| '''(67)''' || Ļ ļ || ɭ || ڶ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(68)''' || Ḽ ḽ || ɫ̩ / ɯ̆ɫ (d) || ڵْ || m
| '''(68)''' || Ḽ ḽ || ɫ̩ / ɯ̆ɫ (d) || ڵْ || m ||
|-
|-
| '''(69)''' || Ľ ľ || l̩ || لْ || m
| '''(69)''' || Ľ ľ || l̩ || لْ || m ||
|-
|-
| '''(70)''' || M m || m || م || c
| '''(70)''' || M m || m || م || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(71)''' || Mʰ mʰ || mʰ || مٚ || c
| '''(71)''' || Mʰ mʰ || mʰ || مٚ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(72)''' || Ḿ ḿ || mʲ || مِ || c
| '''(72)''' || Ḿ ḿ || mʲ || مِ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(73)''' || N n || n || ن || c
| '''(73)''' || N n || n || ن || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(74)''' || Nʰ nʰ || nʱ || ڹ || c
| '''(74)''' || Nʰ nʰ || nʱ || ڹ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(75)''' || Ń ń || ɲ || ڼ || c
| '''(75)''' || Ń ń || ɲ || ڼ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(76)''' || Ň ň || ŋ || ݩ || c
| '''(76)''' || Ň ň || ŋ || ݩ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(77)''' || Ŋ ŋ || ŋ (fin) / ŋg (int, med) || ݩْ || c
| '''(77)''' || Ŋ ŋ || ŋ (fin) / ŋg (int, med) || ݩْ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(78)''' || Ṋ ṋ || nˑ || نّ || c
| '''(78)''' || Ṋ ṋ || nˑ || نّ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(79)''' || Ṇ ṇ || ɴ || نࣷ || c
| '''(79)''' || Ṇ ṇ || ɴ || نࣷ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(80)''' || Ṅ ṅ || ɳ || نࣸ || c
| '''(80)''' || Ṅ ṅ || ɳ || نࣸ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(81)''' || Ņ ņ || n̩ || نْ || m
| '''(81)''' || Ņ ņ || n̩ || نْ || m ||
|-
|-
| '''(82)''' || O o || o/ˑ || ۆ || v
| '''(82)''' || O o || o/ˑ || ۆ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(83)''' || Ō ō || oː || ۆٙ || v
| '''(83)''' || Ō ō || oː || ۆٙ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(84)''' || Ȯ ȯ || o / - (f) || ۆ࣪ || v
| '''(84)''' || Ȯ ȯ || o / - (f) || ۆ࣪ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(85)''' || Õ õ || õ || وࣸ || v
| '''(85)''' || Õ õ || õ || وࣸ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(86)''' || Ô ô || ɔw || ۈ || s
| '''(86)''' || Ô ô || ɔw || ۈ || s ||
|-
|-
| '''(87)''' || Ö ö || œ || ۏ || v
| '''(87)''' || Ö ö || œ || ۏ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(88)''' || Ø ø || ø || ۋ || v
| '''(88)''' || Ø ø || ø || ۋ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(89)''' || Ǫ ǫ || əʊ̯ || وࣺ || s
| '''(89)''' || Ǫ ǫ || əʊ̯ || وࣺ || s ||
|-
|-
| '''(90)''' || P p || p || پ || c
| '''(90)''' || P p || p || پ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(91)''' || Pʰ pʰ || pʰ || ڀ || c
| '''(91)''' || Pʰ pʰ || pʰ || ڀ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(92)''' || Q q || q || ق || c
| '''(92)''' || Q q || q || ق || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(93)''' || R r || r || ر || c
| '''(93)''' || R r || r || ر || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(94)''' || Rʰ rʰ || ɾʰ || رٛ || c
| '''(94)''' || Rʰ rʰ || ɾʰ || رٛ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(95)''' || Ř ř || ɹ || ڒ || c
| '''(95)''' || Ř ř || ɹ || ڒ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(96)''' || Řʰ řʰ || ɹʱ || رࣸ || c
| '''(96)''' || Řʰ řʰ || ɹʱ || رࣸ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(97)''' || Ŕ ŕ || ɽ / ʀ || ړ || c
| '''(97)''' || Ŕ ŕ || ɽ / ʀ || ړ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(98)''' || Ŗ ŗ || r̩ || رْ || m
| '''(98)''' || Ŗ ŗ || r̩ || رْ || m ||
|-
|-
| '''(99)''' || Ṛ ṛ || ɹ̩ || ڒ࣪ || m
| '''(99)''' || Ṛ ṛ || ɹ̩ || ڒ࣪ || m ||
|-
|-
| '''(100)''' || S s || s || س || c
| '''(100)''' || S s || s || س || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(101)''' || Sʰ sʰ || sʰ || ښ || c
| '''(101)''' || Sʰ sʰ || sʰ || ښ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(102)''' || Ş ş || ʃ || ش || c
| '''(102)''' || Ş ş || ʃ || ش || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(103)''' || Şʰ şʰ || ʃʰ || ݜ || c
| '''(103)''' || Şʰ şʰ || ʃʰ || ݜ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(104)''' || Ṣ ṣ || sˤ || ص || c
| '''(104)''' || Ṣ ṣ || sˤ || ص || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(105)''' || Ṡ ṡ || ʂ || سٚ || c
| '''(105)''' || Ṡ ṡ || ʂ || سٚ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(106)''' || Ŝ ŝ || ç || ݾ || c
| '''(106)''' || Ŝ ŝ || ç || ݾ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(107)''' || Š š || ʃt͡ʃ. / .ʃt͡ʃ || ڛ || c
| '''(107)''' || Š š || ʃt͡ʃ. / .ʃt͡ʃ || ڛ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(108)''' || T t || t || ت || c
| '''(108)''' || T t || t || ت || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(109)''' || Ť ť || tˑ (l) || تّ || c
| '''(109)''' || Ť ť || tˑ (l) || تّ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(110)''' || Tʰ tʰ || tʰ || ٿ || c
| '''(110)''' || Tʰ tʰ || tʰ || ٿ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(111)''' || Ṯ ṯ || θ || ث || c
| '''(111)''' || Ṯ ṯ || θ || ث || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(112)''' || Ṭ ṭ || tˤ || ط || c
| '''(112)''' || Ṭ ṭ || tˤ || ط || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(113)''' || Ṫ ṫ || ʈ || ټ || c
| '''(113)''' || Ṫ ṫ || ʈ || ټ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(114)''' || ᵀ ᵗ || h (fin) / - (fin, d) / t (med) || ة || c
| '''(114)''' || ᵀ ᵗ || h (fin) / - (fin, d) / t (med) || ة || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(115)''' || Ț ț || t͡ɕ || تٛ || c
| '''(115)''' || Ț ț || t͡ɕ || تٛ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(116)''' || U u || u || و || v
| '''(116)''' || U u || u || و || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(117)''' || Û û || uˑ/ː || ۉ || v
| '''(117)''' || Û û || uˑ/ː || ۉ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(118)''' || Ũ ũ || ũ || وࣷ || v
| '''(118)''' || Ũ ũ || ũ || وࣷ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(119)''' || Ü ü || y/ˑ/ː || ۊ || v
| '''(119)''' || Ü ü || y/ˑ/ː || ۊ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(120)''' || Ů ů || f (fin), v (med) || ࢫ || c
| '''(120)''' || Ů ů || f (fin), v (med) || ࢫ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(121)''' || V v || v || ڤ || c
| '''(121)''' || V v || v || ڤ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(122)''' || Vʰ vʰ || vʱ || ڤٚ || c
| '''(122)''' || Vʰ vʰ || vʱ || ڤٚ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(123)''' || W w || w || و || s
| '''(123)''' || W w || w || و || s ||
|-
|-
| '''(124)''' || Ŵ ŵ || ɸ || ۄ || c
| '''(124)''' || Ŵ ŵ || ɸ || ۄ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(125)''' || Ẃ ẃ || ɯw || ڡ || c
| '''(125)''' || Ẃ ẃ || ɯw || ڡ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(126)''' || Ẁ ẁ || ew || ڡٚ || c
| '''(126)''' || Ẁ ẁ || ew || ڡٚ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(127)''' || Ẇ ẇ || v̩ || ڡٙ || m
| '''(127)''' || Ẇ ẇ || v̩ || ڡٙ || m ||
|-
|-
| '''(128)''' || Wu wu || wu || وُ || v
| '''(128)''' || Wu wu || wu || وُ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(129)''' || ᵂ ʷ || ʷ || ٝ || c
| '''(129)''' || ᵂ ʷ || ʷ || ٝ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(130)''' || X x || x || خ || c
| '''(130)''' || X x || x || خ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(131)''' || Ẍ ẍ || x (fin), ɣ (med) || غْ || c
| '''(131)''' || Ẍ ẍ || x (fin), ɣ (med) || غْ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(132)''' || Ẋ ẋ || ks || ــٛٚـ || c
| '''(132)''' || Ẋ ẋ || ks || ــٛٚـ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(133)''' || Y y || j || ی || s
| '''(133)''' || Y y || j || ی || s ||
|-
|-
| '''(134)''' || Yî yî || ji/ˑ || یِ || v
| '''(134)''' || Yî yî || ji/ˑ || یِ || v ||
|-
|-
| '''(135)''' || ʸ ʸ || ʲ || ِ || c
| '''(135)''' || ʸ ʸ || ʲ || ِ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(136)''' || Z z || z || ز || c
| '''(136)''' || Z z || z || ز || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(137)''' || Zʰ zʰ || zʱ || ڗ || c
| '''(137)''' || Zʰ zʰ || zʱ || ڗ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(138)''' || Ż ż || t͡s || ځ || c
| '''(138)''' || Ż ż || t͡s || ځ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(139)''' || Ẓ ẓ || zˤ || ظ || c
| '''(139)''' || Ẓ ẓ || zˤ || ظ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(140)''' || Ž ž || d͡z || څ || c
| '''(140)''' || Ž ž || d͡z || څ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(141)''' || Ẑ ẑ || ʐ || ژࣺ || c
| '''(141)''' || Ẑ ẑ || ʐ || ژࣺ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(142)''' || ʔ ɂ || ʔ || ئ || c
| '''(142)''' || ʔ ɂ || ʔ || ئ || c ||
|-
|-
| '''(143)''' || ʿ ʿ || ʕ || ع || c
| '''(143)''' || ʿ ʿ || ʕ || ع || c ||
|}
|}


Revision as of 00:04, 29 April 2020

Hawari language
Zimâna Ħāwārî / زۀماٚنا حەٙوەٙری
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|[[[:Template:Zɯ.ˈmɑː.na ˈħæ.wæˑ.riˑ]]]]]
Created byMansenBk
Native tono specific
Ethnicityno specific
Native speakers1 (2020)
Standard forms
Dialect
~15 dialects
Bāyrâẍa Ħāwārømân.png
The Hawari flag

Hawari, natively Ħāwārî (IPA: {hə'wʌɹɪ}, {ˈħæwæˑriˑ}), sometimes also spelled Hwari, is an a posteriori constructed auxillary language in the Northwestern Iranian group of the Indo-European family. Speakers of the language are called Hawars. The total number of Hawari-speakers is 1.

Hawari belongs to the Hawaric Northwestern Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch.

Phonology and Orthography

Alphabets and Pronounciation

The most important scripts with IPA Sound type
Latin IPA Arabic
(1) A a a ا v
(2) Ã ã ã اࣸ v
(3) Ȧ ȧ a / ɛ (f) ا࣪ v
(4) Å å a / - (f) ا࣫ v
(5) Â â ɑ/ˑ/ː اٚ v
(6) Ậ ậ ɔ اٚ࣪ v
(7) Ẫ ẫ ɔ̃ اࣷ v
(8) Ā ā æ/ˑ ەٙ v
(9) Ä ä æː ەٙٙ v
(10) Ă ă ɐ̯ اٛ s
(11) B b b ب c
Hawari B.png
(12) Bʰ bʰ bʱ ٻ c
(13) C c d͡ʒ ج c
Hawari C.png
(14) Cʰ cʰ d͡ʒʱ ڃ c
(15) Ç ç t͡ʃ چ c
Hawari Ç.png
(16) Č č .ʃt / ʃt. ڄ c
(17) Çʰ çʰ t͡ʃʰ ڇ c
(18) Ć ć .st / st. ڜ c
(19) D d d د c
(20) Dʰ dʰ dʱ ڌ c
(21) Ḓ ḓ dˑ دّ c
(22) Đ ð ð ذ c
(23) Ď ď d͡ð دٚ c
(24) Ḍ ḍ dˤ ڊ / ض c
(25) Ḋ ḋ ɖ ډ c
(26) Ḑ ḑ d͡ʑ دٛ c
(27) E e ɛ/ˑ/ː ە v
(28) Ė ė ɛ / - (f) ە࣪ v
(29) Ẽ ẽ ẽ ەࣷ v
(30) Ê ê e/ˑ/ː ێ v
(31) Ễ ễ ẽ یࣸ v
(32) Ë ë ɯ̃ ەࣸ v
(33) -eh ɛˑh / ɛj (f) / ɛt (f) ے i
(34) -êh eˑh / ej (f) / et (f) ےٛ i
(35) F f f ف c
(36) Fʰ fʰ fʰ فٚ c
(37) G g g گ c
(38) Gʰ gʰ gʱ گٛ c
(39) Ĝ ĝ ʁ̬ ڠ c
(40) Ǧ ǧ ɣ غ c
(41) Ģ ģ ɟ گٚ c
(42) H h h / j (f) / t (f) ھ i
(43) Hʰ hʰ ɦ ھٚ c
(44) Ḧ ḧ h ھْ c
(45) Ĥ ĥ χ̬ ھٛ c
(46) Ħ ħ ħ ح c
(47) I i ɯ/ˑ/ː ۀ v
(48) Į į ɯ / - (f) ۀٚ࣪ c
(49) Ǐ ǐ ɯ(ˑ)j ۀی s
(50) Î î i/ˑ ی v
(51) Ī ī iː یٙٙ v
(52) Ï ï ɪ(ˑ)j یٙ s
(53) Îy îy i(ˑ)j ؽ s
(54) J j ʒ ژ c
(55) Jʰ jʰ ʒʱ ڙ c
(56) ᴶ ʲ - ٖ c
(57) Ĵ ĵ ʑ ږ c
(58) K k k ک c
(59) Kʰ kʰ kʰ ڪ c
(60) Ǩ ǩ q͡x / k͡x (d) ڳ c
(61) Ķ ķ .ks / ks. ګ c
(62) Ḳ ḳ c کٚ c
(63) L l l ل c
(64) Lʰ lʰ lʰ ࢦ c
(65) Ĺ ĺ ɫ ڵ c
(66) Ł ł ʎ ݪ c
(67) Ļ ļ ɭ ڶ c
(68) Ḽ ḽ ɫ̩ / ɯ̆ɫ (d) ڵْ m
(69) Ľ ľ l̩ لْ m
(70) M m m م c
(71) Mʰ mʰ mʰ مٚ c
(72) Ḿ ḿ mʲ مِ c
(73) N n n ن c
(74) Nʰ nʰ nʱ ڹ c
(75) Ń ń ɲ ڼ c
(76) Ň ň ŋ ݩ c
(77) Ŋ ŋ ŋ (fin) / ŋg (int, med) ݩْ c
(78) Ṋ ṋ nˑ نّ c
(79) Ṇ ṇ ɴ نࣷ c
(80) Ṅ ṅ ɳ نࣸ c
(81) Ņ ņ n̩ نْ m
(82) O o o/ˑ ۆ v
(83) Ō ō oː ۆٙ v
(84) Ȯ ȯ o / - (f) ۆ࣪ v
(85) Õ õ õ وࣸ v
(86) Ô ô ɔw ۈ s
(87) Ö ö œ ۏ v
(88) Ø ø ø ۋ v
(89) Ǫ ǫ əʊ̯ وࣺ s
(90) P p p پ c
(91) Pʰ pʰ pʰ ڀ c
(92) Q q q ق c
(93) R r r ر c
(94) Rʰ rʰ ɾʰ رٛ c
(95) Ř ř ɹ ڒ c
(96) Řʰ řʰ ɹʱ رࣸ c
(97) Ŕ ŕ ɽ / ʀ ړ c
(98) Ŗ ŗ r̩ رْ m
(99) Ṛ ṛ ɹ̩ ڒ࣪ m
(100) S s s س c
(101) Sʰ sʰ sʰ ښ c
(102) Ş ş ʃ ش c
(103) Şʰ şʰ ʃʰ ݜ c
(104) Ṣ ṣ sˤ ص c
(105) Ṡ ṡ ʂ سٚ c
(106) Ŝ ŝ ç ݾ c
(107) Š š ʃt͡ʃ. / .ʃt͡ʃ ڛ c
(108) T t t ت c
(109) Ť ť tˑ (l) تّ c
(110) Tʰ tʰ tʰ ٿ c
(111) Ṯ ṯ θ ث c
(112) Ṭ ṭ tˤ ط c
(113) Ṫ ṫ ʈ ټ c
(114) ᵀ ᵗ h (fin) / - (fin, d) / t (med) ة c
(115) Ț ț t͡ɕ تٛ c
(116) U u u و v
(117) Û û uˑ/ː ۉ v
(118) Ũ ũ ũ وࣷ v
(119) Ü ü y/ˑ/ː ۊ v
(120) Ů ů f (fin), v (med) ࢫ c
(121) V v v ڤ c
(122) Vʰ vʰ vʱ ڤٚ c
(123) W w w و s
(124) Ŵ ŵ ɸ ۄ c
(125) Ẃ ẃ ɯw ڡ c
(126) Ẁ ẁ ew ڡٚ c
(127) Ẇ ẇ v̩ ڡٙ m
(128) Wu wu wu وُ v
(129) ᵂ ʷ ʷ ٝ c
(130) X x x خ c
(131) Ẍ ẍ x (fin), ɣ (med) غْ c
(132) Ẋ ẋ ks ــٛٚـ c
(133) Y y j ی s
(134) Yî yî ji/ˑ یِ v
(135) ʸ ʸ ʲ ِ c
(136) Z z z ز c
(137) Zʰ zʰ zʱ ڗ c
(138) Ż ż t͡s ځ c
(139) Ẓ ẓ zˤ ظ c
(140) Ž ž d͡z څ c
(141) Ẑ ẑ ʐ ژࣺ c
(142) ʔ ɂ ʔ ئ c
(143) ʿ ʿ ʕ ع c

Grammar

Personal pronouns

Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Masc. Fem. Neutr. Impers. Plur. Polite.
(English) I you (sing.) he she it you (impers.) we you (plur.) you (pol.) they
Nominative āz
ئەٙز		 tû
تۉ		 ew
ئەو		 we
وە		 to
تۆ		 ûn
ئۉن		 em
ئەم		 şomâ
شۆماٚ		 hûn
ھۉن		 unhâ
ئونھاٚ
Dative minêh
مۀنےٛ		 tebîʲ
تەبیٖ		 êwār
ئێوەٙر		 îwār
ئیوەٙر		 tiwār
تۀوەٙر		 ûnêh
ئۉنےٛ		 emêh
ئەمےٛ		 şomâyêh
شۆماٚیےٛ		 hinêh
ھۀنےٛ		 unhâyêh
ئۉنھاٚیےٛ
Accusative minu
مۀنو		 tā
تەٙ		 êwān
ئێوەٙن		 îwān
ئیوەٙن		 tʷān
تٝەٙن		 ûnu
ئۉنو		 emu
ئەمو		 şomâyu
شۆماٚیو		 hinâ
ھۀناٚ		 unhâyu
ئونھاٚیو
Possessive min
مۀن		 tvậy
تڤاٚ࣪ی		 ewîn
ئەوین		 îwîn
ئیوین		 tiwîn
تۀوین		 ńegov
ڼەگۆڤ		 mâ
ماٚ		 şimîn
شۀمین		 hûnem
ھۉنەم		 ńîĥov
ڼیھٛۆڤ

Nouns

Declension of Nouns

Ending with a semi- or consonant besides h, ǐ, ï and y
Entire Word
Singular Plural
Normal Pos1 Pos2 Pos3 Normal Pos1 Pos2 Pos3
Nominative - -o
ۆ-		 -a
ا-		 -ê
ێ-		 -ân
اٚن-		 -âno
اٚنۆ-		 -âna
اٚنا-		 -ânê
اٚنێ-
Dative -êh
ےٛ-		 -êyo
ێیۆ-		 -êya
ێیا-		 -êyê
ێیێ-		 -ânêh
اٚنےٛ-		 -ânêyo
اٚنێیۆ-		 -ânêya
اٚنێیا-		 -ânêyê
اٚنێیێ-
Accusative -u
و-		 -uyo
ویۆ-		 -uya
ویا-		 -uyê
ویێ-		 -ânu
اٚنو-		 -ânuyo
اٚنویۆ-		 -anuya
اٚنویا-		 -ânuyê
اٚنویێ-
(((Stem)))
Singular Plural
Normal Pos1 Pos2 Pos3 Normal Pos1 Pos2 Pos3
Nominative
Dative
Accusative
Ending with an n
Entire Word
Singular Plural
Normal Pos1 Pos2 Pos3 Normal Pos1 Pos2 Pos3
Nominative - -o
ۆ-		 -a
ا-		 -ê
ێ-		 -hâ
ھاٚ-		 -hâyo
ھاٚیۆ-		 -hâya
ھاٚیا-		 -hâyê
ھاٚیێ-
Dative -êh
ےٛ-		 -êyo
ێیۆ-		 -êya
ێیا-		 -êyê
ێیێ-		 -hâyêh
ھاٚیےٛ-		 -hâyêto
ھاٚیێتۆ-		 -hâyêta
ھاٚیێتا-		 -hâyêtê
ھاٚیێتێ-
Accusative -u
و-		 -uyo
ویۆ-		 -uya
ویا-		 -uyê
ویێ-		 -hâyu
ھاٚیو-		 -hâyuto
ھاٚیوتۆ-		 -hâyuta
ھاٚیوتا-		 -hâyutê
ھاٚیوتێ-
Ending with a vowel

The vowels able to let a noun be declined like the following chart shows: ã, â, ẫ, ậ, ä, e, ẽ, ë, ī, õ, ö, ø, ũ, û

Entire Word
Singular Plural
Normal Pos1 Pos2 Pos3 Normal Pos1 Pos2 Pos3
Nominative - -yo
یۆ-		 -ya
یا-		 -yê
یێ-		 -yân
یاٚن-		 -yâno
یاٚنۆ-		 -yâna
یاٚنا-		 -yânê
یاٚنێ-
Dative -yêh
یےٛ-		 -yêto
یێتۆ-		 -yêta
یێتا-		 -yêtê
یێتێ-		 -yânêh
یاٚنےٛ-		 -yânêyo
یاٚنێیۆ-		 -yânêya
یاٚنێیا-		 -yânêyê
یاٚنێیێ-
Accusative -yu
یو-		 -yuto
یوتۆ-		 -yuta
یوتا-		 -yutê
یوتێ-		 -yânu
یاٚنو-		 -yânuyo
یاٚنویۆ-		 -yânuya
یاٚنویا-		 -yânuyê
یاٚنویێ-
Ending with a y
Entire Word
Singular Plural
Normal Pos1 Pos2 Pos3 Normal Pos1 Pos2 Pos3
Nominative - -o
ۆ-		 -a
ا-		 -ê
ێ-		 -ân
اٚن-		 -âno
اٚنۆ-		 -âna
اٚنا-		 -ânê
اٚنێ-
Dative -êh
ےٛ-		 -êto
ێتۆ-		 -êta
ێتا-		 -êtê
ێتێ-		 -ânêh
اٚنےٛ-		 -ânêyo
اٚنێیۆ-		 -ânêya
اٚنێیا-		 -ânêyê
اٚنێیێ-
Accusative -u
و-		 -uto
وتۆ-		 -uta
وتا-		 -utê
وتێ-		 -ânu
اٚنو-		 -ânuyo
اٚنویۆ-		 -ânuya
اٚنویا-		 -ânuyê
اٚنویێ-
Ending with an h
Except h
Singular Plural
Normal Pos1 Pos2 Pos3 Normal Pos1 Pos2 Pos3
Nominative - -yo
یۆ-		 -ya
یا-		 -yê
یێ-		 -yân
یاٚن-		 -yâno
یاٚنۆ-		 -yâna
یاٚنا-		 -yânê
یاٚنێ-
Dative -yêh
یےٛ-		 -yêto
یێتۆ-		 -yêta
یێتا-		 -yêtê
یێتێ-		 -yânêh
یاٚنےٛ-		 -yânêyo
یاٚنێیۆ-		 -yânêya
یاٚنێیا-		 -yânêyê
یاٚنێیێ-
Accusative -yu
یو-		 -yuto
یوتۆ-		 -yuta
یوتا-		 -yutê
یوتێ-		 -yânu
یاٚنو-		 -yânuyo
یاٚنویۆ-		 -yânuya
یاٚنویا-		 -yânuyê
یاٚنویێ-
When the two last consonants are y and h (with a vowel between them), or also for nouns ending with ᵗ
Except h/ᵗ
Singular Plural
Normal Pos1 Pos2 Pos3 Normal Pos1 Pos2 Pos3
Nominative - -to
تۆ-		 -ta
تا-		 -tê
تێ-		 -tân
تاٚن-		 -tâno
تاٚنۆ-		 -tâna
تاٚنا-		 -tânê
تاٚنێ-
Dative -têh
تےٛ-		 -têyo
تێیۆ-		 -têya
تێیا-		 -têyê
تێیێ-		 -tânêh
تاٚنےٛ-		 -tânêyo
تاٚنێیۆ-		 -tânêya
تاٚنێیا-		 -tânêyê
تاٚنێیێ-
Accusative -tu
تو-		 -tuyo
تویۆ-		 -tuya
تویا-		 -tuyê
تویێ-		 -tânu
تاٚنو-		 -tânuyo
تاٚنویۆ-		 -tânuya
تاٚنویا-		 -tânuyê
تاٚنویێ-
-ȧ-(consonant)
Entire Word
Singular Plural
Normal Pos1 Pos2 Pos3 Normal Pos1 Pos2 Pos3
Nominative - -a-o
ا-ۆ-		 -e-a
ە-ا-		 -a-ê
ا-ێ-		 -e-ân
ە-اٚن-		 -e-âno
ە-اٚنۆ-		 -e-âna
ە-اٚنا-		 -e-ânê
ە-اٚنێ-
Dative -a-êh
ا-ےٛ-		 -a-êyo
ا-ێیۆ-		 -a-êya
ا-ێیا-		 -a-êyê
ا-ێیێ-		 -e-ânêh
ە-اٚنےٛ		 -e-ânêyo
ە-اٚنێیۆ-		 -e-ânêya
ە-اٚنێیا-		 -e-ânêyê
ە-اٚنێیێ
Accusative -e-u
ە-و-		 -e-uyo
ە-ویۆ-		 -e-uya
ە-ویا-		 -e-uyê
ە-ویێ-		 -e-ânu
ە-اٚنو-		 -e-ânuyo
ە-اٚنویۆ-		 -e-ânuya
ە-اٚنویا-		 -e-ânuyê
ە-اٚنویێ

If the consonant is a y, h, ʸ, ǐ or ï, the "y" shown in the last chart turns into t.

Other rules

Ǐ turns to iy, ï to ïy, ô to ậw, ǫ to öw, ẃ to iw, ẁ to êw, č to şt and ć to st, when being the final letter of an unflexed word. When the last vowel is å, ė, į or ȯ, it disappears in the flexed form of a word.

This page is under construction, as of April 2020.

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