Hawari language: Difference between revisions
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{| class="wikitable" border="1" | {| class="wikitable" border="1" | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="3"| | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="4" align="center" |The most important scripts with IPA | ||
! rowspan="2" |Sound type | ! rowspan="2" |Sound type | ||
! colspan="1" align="center" |Conscripts | ! colspan="1" align="center" |Conscripts | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" align="center" |Latin | ! colspan="2" align="center" |Latin | ||
!IPA | ! rowspan="2" |IPA | ||
!Arabic | ! rowspan="2" |Arabic | ||
!Tongtsehayi | ! rowspan="2" |Tongtsehayi | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Latin | !Latin | ||
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| '''(62)''' || Ķ ķ || Ks ks || .ks / ks. || ګ || c || [[File:Hawari Ķ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(62)''' || Ķ ķ || Ks ks || .ks / ks. || ګ || c || [[File:Hawari Ķ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(63)''' || Ḳ ḳ || c || کٚ || c || [[File:Hawari Ḳ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(63)''' || Ḳ ḳ || Kŝ kŝ || c || کٚ || c || [[File:Hawari Ḳ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(64)''' || L l || l || ل || c || [[File:Hawari L.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(64)''' || L l || Ll ll || l || ل || c || [[File:Hawari L.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(65)''' || Lʰ lʰ || lʰ || ࢦ || c || [[File:Hawari Lʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(65)''' || Lʰ lʰ || Lh lh || lʰ || ࢦ || c || [[File:Hawari Lʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(66)''' || Ĺ ĺ || ɫ || ڵ || c || [[File:Hawari Ĺ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(66)''' || Ĺ ĺ || Ĺĺ ĺĺ || ɫ || ڵ || c || [[File:Hawari Ĺ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(67)''' || Ł ł || ʎ || ݪ || c || [[File:Hawari Ł.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(67)''' || Ł ł || Ły ły || ʎ || ݪ || c || [[File:Hawari Ł.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(68)''' || Ļ ļ || ɭ || ڶ || c || [[File:Hawari Ļ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(68)''' || Ļ ļ || Ļ ļ || ɭ || ڶ || c || [[File:Hawari Ļ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(69)''' || Ḽ ḽ || ɫ̩ / ɯ̆ɫ (d) || ڵْ || m || [[File:Hawari Ḽ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(69)''' || Ḽ ḽ || - || ɫ̩ / ɯ̆ɫ (d) || ڵْ || m || [[File:Hawari Ḽ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(70)''' || Ľ ľ || l̩ || لْ || m || [[File:Hawari Ľ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(70)''' || Ľ ľ || - || l̩ || لْ || m || [[File:Hawari Ľ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(71)''' || M m || m || م || c || | | '''(71)''' || M m || Mm mm || m || م || c || | ||
[[File:Hawari M.png|20px|frameless|center]] | [[File:Hawari M.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(72)''' || Mʰ mʰ || mʰ || مٚ || c || [[File:Hawari Mʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(72)''' || Mʰ mʰ || Mh mh || mʰ || مٚ || c || [[File:Hawari Mʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(73)''' || Ḿ ḿ || mʲ || مِ || c || [[File:Hawari Ḿ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(73)''' || Ḿ ḿ || Ḿy ḿy || mʲ || مِ || c || [[File:Hawari Ḿ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(74)''' || N n || n || ن || c || [[File:Hawari N.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(74)''' || N n || Ṋ ṋ || n || ن || c || [[File:Hawari N.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(75)''' || Nʰ nʰ || nʱ || ڹ || c || [[File:Hawari Nʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(75)''' || Nʰ nʰ || Nh nh || nʱ || ڹ || c || [[File:Hawari Nʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(76)''' || Ń ń || ɲ || ڼ || c || [[File:Hawari Ń.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(76)''' || Ń ń || Ńy ńy || ɲ || ڼ || c || [[File:Hawari Ń.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(77)''' || Ň ň || ŋ || ݩ || c || [[File:Hawari Ň.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(77)''' || Ň ň || Ňň ňň || ŋ || ݩ || c || [[File:Hawari Ň.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(78)''' || Ŋ ŋ || ŋ (fin) / ŋg (int, med) || ݩْ || c || [[File:Hawari Ŋ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(78)''' || Ŋ ŋ || Ňŋ ňŋ || ŋ (fin) / ŋg (int, med) || ݩْ || c || [[File:Hawari Ŋ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(79)''' || Ṋ ṋ || nˑ || نّ || c || [[File:Hawari Ṋ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(79)''' || Ṋ ṋ || nˑ || نّ || c || [[File:Hawari Ṋ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(80)''' || Ṇ ṇ || ɴ || نࣷ || c || [[File:Hawari Ṇ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(80)''' || Ṇ ṇ || Ṇ ṇ || ɴ || نࣷ || c || [[File:Hawari Ṇ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(81)''' || Ṅ ṅ || ɳ || نࣸ || c || [[File:Hawari Ṅ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(81)''' || Ṅ ṅ || Ṅ ṅ || ɳ || نࣸ || c || [[File:Hawari Ṅ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(82)''' || Ņ ņ || n̩ || نْ || m || [[File:Hawari Ņ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(82)''' || Ņ ņ || - || n̩ || نْ || m || [[File:Hawari Ņ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(83)''' || O o || o/ˑ || ۆ || v || [[File:Hawari O.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(83)''' || O o || - || o/ˑ || ۆ || v || [[File:Hawari O.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(84)''' || Ō ō || oː || ۆٙ || v || [[File:Hawari Ō.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(84)''' || Ō ō || - || oː || ۆٙ || v || [[File:Hawari Ō.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(85)''' || Ȯ ȯ || o / - (f) || ۆ࣪ || v || [[File:Hawari Ȯ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(85)''' || Ȯ ȯ || - || o / - (f) || ۆ࣪ || v || [[File:Hawari Ȯ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(86)''' || Õ õ || õ || وࣸ || v || [[File:Hawari Õ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(86)''' || Õ õ || - || õ || وࣸ || v || [[File:Hawari Õ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(87)''' || Ô ô || ɔw || ۈ || s || [[File:Hawari Ô.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(87)''' || Ô ô || Ôw ôw || ɔw || ۈ || s || [[File:Hawari Ô.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(88)''' || Ö ö || œ || ۏ || v || [[File:Hawari Ö.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(88)''' || Ö ö || - || œ || ۏ || v || [[File:Hawari Ö.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(89)''' || Ø ø || ø || ۋ || v || [[File:Hawari Ø.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(89)''' || Ø ø || - || ø || ۋ || v || [[File:Hawari Ø.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(90)''' || Ǫ ǫ || əʊ̯ || وࣺ || s || [[File:Hawari Ǫ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(90)''' || Ǫ ǫ || Ǫw ǫw || əʊ̯ || وࣺ || s || [[File:Hawari Ǫ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(91)''' || P p || p || پ || c || [[File:Hawari P.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(91)''' || P p || Pp pp || p || پ || c || [[File:Hawari P.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(92)''' || Pʰ pʰ || pʰ || ڀ || c || [[File:Hawari Pʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(92)''' || Pʰ pʰ || Ph ph || pʰ || ڀ || c || [[File:Hawari Pʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(93)''' || Q q || q || ق || c || [[File:Hawari Q.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(93)''' || Q q || Qq qq || q || ق || c || [[File:Hawari Q.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(94)''' || R r || r || ر || c || [[File:Hawari R.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(94)''' || R r || Rr rr || r || ر || c || [[File:Hawari R.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(95)''' || | | '''(95)''' || Rr rr || Rrr rrr || r || ڕ || c || [[File:Hawari Rr.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(96)''' || | | '''(96)''' || Rʰ rʰ || Rh rh || ɾʰ || رٛ || c || [[File:Hawari Rʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(97)''' || | | '''(97)''' || Ř ř || Řř řř || ɹ || ڒ || c || [[File:Hawari Ř.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(98)''' || | | '''(98)''' || Řʰ řʰ || Řh řh || ɹʱ || رࣸ || c || [[File:Hawari Řʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(99)''' || | | '''(99)''' || Ŕ ŕ || Řŕ řŕ || ɽ / ʀ || ړ || c || [[File:Hawari Ŕ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(100)''' || | | '''(100)''' || Ŗ ŗ || Ŗr ŗr || r̩ || رْ || m || [[File:Hawari Ŗ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(101)''' || | | '''(101)''' || Ṛ ṛ || Ṛř ṛř || ɹ̩ || ڒ࣪ || m || [[File:Hawari Ṛ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(102)''' || | | '''(102)''' || S s || Ss ss || s || س || c || [[File:Hawari S.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(103)''' || | | '''(103)''' || Sʰ sʰ || Sh sh || sʰ || ښ || c || [[File:Hawari Sʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(104)''' || | | '''(104)''' || Ş ş || Şş şş ||ʃ || ش || c || [[File:Hawari Ş.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(105)''' || | | '''(105)''' || Şʰ şʰ || Şh şh || ʃʰ || ݜ || c || [[File:Hawari Şʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(106)''' || | | '''(106)''' || Ṣ ṣ || Ṣṣ ṣṣ || sˤ || ص || c || [[File:Hawari Ṣ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(107)''' || | | '''(107)''' || Ṡ ṡ || Ṡṡ ṡṡ || ʂ || سٚ || c || [[File:Hawari Ṡ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(108)''' || | | '''(108)''' || Ŝ ŝ || Ŝŝ ŝŝ || ç || ݾ || c || [[File:Hawari Ŝ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(109)''' || | | '''(109)''' || Š š || Şç şç || ʃt͡ʃ. / .ʃt͡ʃ || ڛ || c || [[File:Hawari Š.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(110)''' || Ť ť || | | '''(110)''' || T t || Ť ť || t || ت || c || [[File:Hawari T.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(111)''' || | | '''(111)''' || Ť ť || Ťt ťt || tˑ (l) || تّ || c || [[File:Hawari Ť.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(112)''' || | | '''(112)''' || Tʰ tʰ || Th th || tʰ || ٿ || c || [[File:Hawari Tʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(113)''' || | | '''(113)''' || Ṯ ṯ || Ṯṯ ṯṯ || θ || ث || c || [[File:Hawari Ṯ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(114)''' || | | '''(114)''' || Ṭ ṭ || Ṭṭ ṭṭ || tˤ || ط || c || [[File:Hawari Ṭ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(115)''' || | | '''(115)''' || Ṫ ṫ || Ṫṫ ṫṫ || ʈ || ټ || c || [[File:Hawari Ṫ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(116)''' || | | '''(116)''' || ᵀ ᵗ || - || h (fin) / - (fin, d) / t (med) || ة || c || [[File:Hawari ᵀ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(117)''' || | | '''(117)''' || Ț ț || Tŝ tŝ || t͡ɕ || تٛ || c || [[File:Hawari Ț.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(118)''' || | | '''(118)''' || U u || - || u || و || v || [[File:Hawari U.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(119)''' || | | '''(119)''' || Û û || - || uˑ/ː || ۉ || v || [[File:Hawari Û.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(120)''' || | | '''(120)''' || Ũ ũ || - || ũ || وࣷ || v || [[File:Hawari Ũ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(121)''' || | | '''(121)''' || Ü ü || - || y/ˑ/ː || ۊ || v || [[File:Hawari Ü.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(122)''' || | | '''(122)''' || Ů ů || Ůf ůf / ův ův || f (fin), v (med) || ࢫ || c || [[File:Hawari Ů.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(123)''' || | | '''(123)''' || V v || Vv vv || v || ڤ || c || [[File:Hawari V.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(124)''' || | | '''(124)''' || Vʰ vʰ || Vh vh || vʱ || ڤٚ || c || [[File:Hawari Vʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(125)''' || | | '''(125)''' || W w || Ww ww || w || و || s || [[File:Hawari W.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(126)''' || | | '''(126)''' || Ŵ ŵ || Ŵŵ ŵŵ || ɸ || ۄ || c || [[File:Hawari Ŵ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(127)''' || | | '''(127)''' || Ẃ ẃ || Iww iww || ɯw || ڡ || c || [[File:Hawari Ẃ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(128)''' || | | '''(128)''' || Ẁ ẁ || Êww êww || ew || ڡٚ || c || [[File:Hawari Ẁ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(129)''' || | | '''(129)''' || Ẇ ẇ || Ẇv ẇv || v̩ || ڡٙ || m || [[File:Hawari Ẇ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(130)''' || | | '''(130)''' || Wu wu || - || wu || وُ || v || [[File:Hawari Wu.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(131)''' || | | '''(131)''' || ᵂ ʷ || - || ʷ || ٝ || c || [[File:Hawari ᵂ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(132)''' || | | '''(132)''' || X x || Xx xx || x || خ || c || [[File:Hawari X.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(133)''' || | | '''(133)''' || Ẍ ẍ || Ẍx ẍx / Ẍǧ ẍǧ || x (fin), ɣ (med) || غْ || c || [[File:Hawari Ẍ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(134)''' || | | '''(134)''' || Ẋ ẋ || Ẋs ẋs || ks || ــٛٚـ || c || [[File:Hawari Ẋ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(135)''' || | | '''(135)''' || Y y || Yy yy || j || ی || s || [[File:Hawari Y.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(136)''' || | | '''(136)''' || Yî yî || - || ji/ˑ || یِ || v || [[File:Hawari Yî.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(137)''' || | | '''(137)''' || ʸ ʸ || - || ʲ || ِ || c || [[File:Hawari ʸ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(138)''' || | | '''(138)''' || Z z || Zz zz || z || ز || c || [[File:Hawari Z.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(139)''' || | | '''(139)''' || Zʰ zʰ || Zh zh || zʱ || ڗ || c || [[File:Hawari Zʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(140)''' || | | '''(140)''' || Ż ż || Ts ts || t͡s || ځ || c || [[File:Hawari Ż.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(141)''' || | | '''(141)''' || Ẓ ẓ || Ẓẓ ẓẓ || zˤ || ظ || c || [[File:Hawari Ẓ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(142)''' || | | '''(142)''' || Ž ž || Dz dz || d͡z || څ || c || [[File:Hawari Ž.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(143)''' || | | '''(143)''' || Ẑ ẑ || Ẑẑ ẑẑ || ʐ || ژࣺ || c || [[File:Hawari Ẑ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''(144)''' || ʿ ʿ || ʕ || ع || c || [[File:Hawari ʿ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(144)''' || ʔ ɂ || ʔɂ ɂɂ || ʔ || ئ || c || [[File:Hawari ʔ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |||
| '''(145)''' || ʿ ʿ || ʿʿ || ʕ || ع || c || [[File:Hawari ʿ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | |||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 16:58, 20 May 2020
Hawari language | |
---|---|
Zimâna Ħāwārî زۀماٚنا حەٙوەٙری | |
Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|[[[:Template:Zɯ.ˈmɑː.na ˈħæ.wæˑ.riˑ]]]]] |
Created by | MansenBk |
Native to | no specific |
Ethnicity | no specific |
Native speakers | 1 (2020) |
Standard forms | |
Dialect | ~15 dialects |
The Hawari flag |
Hawari, natively Ħāwārî (IPA: {hə'wʌɹɪ}, {ˈħæwæˑriˑ}), sometimes also spelled Hwari, is an a posteriori constructed auxillary language in the Northwestern Iranian group of the Indo-European family. Speakers of the language are called Hawars. The total number of Hawari-speakers is 1.
Hawari belongs to the Hawaric Northwestern Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch.
Phonology and Orthography
Alphabets and Pronounciation
The most important scripts with IPA | Sound type | Conscripts | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latin | IPA | Arabic | Tongtsehayi | |||
Latin | double* | |||||
(1) | A a | - | a | ا | v | |
(2) | Ã ã | - | ã | اࣸ | v | |
(3) | Ȧ ȧ | - | a / ɛ (f) | ا࣪ | v | |
(4) | Å å | - | a / - (f) | ا࣫ | v | |
(5) | Â â | - | ɑ/ˑ/ː | اٚ | v | |
(6) | Ậ ậ | - | ɔ | اٚ࣪ | v | |
(7) | Ẫ ẫ | - | ɔ̃ | اࣷ | v | |
(8) | Ā ā | - | æ/ˑ | ەٙ | v | |
(9) | Ä ä | - | æː | ەٙٙ | v | |
(10) | Ă ă | Ăă ăă | ɐ̯ | اٛ | s | |
(11) | B b | Bb bb | b | ب | c | |
(12) | Bʰ bʰ | Bh bh | bʱ | ٻ | c | |
(13) | C c | Cj cj | d͡ʒ | ج | c | |
(14) | Cʰ cʰ | Ch ch | d͡ʒʱ | ڃ | c | |
(15) | Ç ç | Çş çş | t͡ʃ | چ | c | |
(16) | Çʰ çʰ | Çh çh | t͡ʃʰ | ڇ | c | |
(17) | Č č | - | .ʃt / ʃt. | ڄ | c | |
(18) | Ć ć | - | .st / st. | ڜ | c | |
(19) | D d | Ḓ ḓ | d | د | c | |
(20) | Dʰ dʰ | Dh dh | dʱ | ڌ | c | |
(21) | Ḓ ḓ | - | dˑ | دّ | c | |
(22) | Đ đ | Ðđ đđ | ð | ذ | c | |
(23) | Đʰ đʰ | Đh đh | ðʰ | ڍ | c | |
(24) | Ď ď | Dđ dđ | d͡ð | دٚ | c | |
(25) | Ḍ ḍ | Ḍḍ ḍḍ | dˤ | ڊ / ض | c | |
(26) | Ḋ ḋ | Ḋḋ ḋḋ | ɖ | ډ | c | |
(27) | Ḑ ḑ | Dĵ dĵ | d͡ʑ | دٛ | c | |
(28) | E e | - | ɛ/ˑ/ː | ە | v | |
(29) | Ė ė | - | ɛ / - (f) | ە࣪ | v | |
(30) | Ẽ ẽ | - | ẽ | ەࣷ | v | |
(31) | Ê ê | - | e/ˑ/ː | ێ | v | |
(32) | Ễ ễ | - | ẽ | یࣸ | v | |
(33) | Ë ë | - | ɯ̃ | ەࣸ | v | |
(34) | -eh | - | ɛˑh / ɛj (f) / ɛt (f) | ے | i | |
(35) | -êh | - | eˑh / ej (f) / et (f) | ےٛ | i | |
(36) | F f | Ff ff | f | ف | c | |
(37) | Fʰ fʰ | Fh fh | fʰ | فٚ | c | |
(38) | G g | Gg gg | g | گ | c | |
(39) | Gʰ gʰ | Gh gh | gʱ | گٛ | c | |
(40) | Ĝ ĝ | Ĝ ĝ | ʁ̬ | ڠ | c | |
(41) | Ǧ ǧ | Ǧǧ ǧǧ | ɣ | غ | c | |
(42) | Ģ ģ | Gĵ gĵ | ɟ | گٚ | c | |
(43) | H h | Hh hh | h / j (f) / t (f) | ھ | i | |
(44) | Hʰ hʰ | Hhʰ hhʰ | ɦ | ھٚ | c | |
(45) | Ḧ ḧ | Ḧḧ ḧḧ | h | ھْ | c | |
(46) | Ĥ ĥ | Ĥĥ ĥĥ | χ̬ | ھٛ | c | |
(47) | Ħ ħ | Ħħ ħħ | ħ | ح | c | |
(48) | I i | - | ɯ/ˑ/ː | ۀ | v | |
(49) | Į į | - | ɯ / - (f) | ۀٚ࣪ | c | |
(50) | Ǐ ǐ | Ǐy ǐy | ɯ(ˑ)j | ۀی | s | |
(51) | Î î | - | i/ˑ | ی | v | |
(52) | Ī ī | - | iː | یٙٙ | v | |
(53) | Ï ï | Ïy ïy | ɪ(ˑ)j | یٙ | s | |
(54) | Îy îy | Îyy îyy | i(ˑ)j | ؽ | s | |
(55) | J j | Jj jj | ʒ | ژ | c | |
(56) | Jʰ jʰ | Jh jh | ʒʱ | ڙ | c | |
(57) | ᴶ ʲ | - | - | ٖ | c | |
(58) | Ĵ ĵ | Ĵĵ ĵĵ | ʑ | ږ | c | |
(59) | K k | Kk kk | k | ک | c | |
(60) | Kʰ kʰ | Kh kh | kʰ | ڪ | c | |
(61) | Ǩ ǩ | Qx qx / Kx kx | q͡x / k͡x (d) | ڳ | c | |
(62) | Ķ ķ | Ks ks | .ks / ks. | ګ | c | |
(63) | Ḳ ḳ | Kŝ kŝ | c | کٚ | c | |
(64) | L l | Ll ll | l | ل | c | |
(65) | Lʰ lʰ | Lh lh | lʰ | ࢦ | c | |
(66) | Ĺ ĺ | Ĺĺ ĺĺ | ɫ | ڵ | c | |
(67) | Ł ł | Ły ły | ʎ | ݪ | c | |
(68) | Ļ ļ | Ļ ļ | ɭ | ڶ | c | |
(69) | Ḽ ḽ | - | ɫ̩ / ɯ̆ɫ (d) | ڵْ | m | |
(70) | Ľ ľ | - | l̩ | لْ | m | |
(71) | M m | Mm mm | m | م | c | |
(72) | Mʰ mʰ | Mh mh | mʰ | مٚ | c | |
(73) | Ḿ ḿ | Ḿy ḿy | mʲ | مِ | c | |
(74) | N n | Ṋ ṋ | n | ن | c | |
(75) | Nʰ nʰ | Nh nh | nʱ | ڹ | c | |
(76) | Ń ń | Ńy ńy | ɲ | ڼ | c | |
(77) | Ň ň | Ňň ňň | ŋ | ݩ | c | |
(78) | Ŋ ŋ | Ňŋ ňŋ | ŋ (fin) / ŋg (int, med) | ݩْ | c | |
(79) | Ṋ ṋ | nˑ | نّ | c | ||
(80) | Ṇ ṇ | Ṇ ṇ | ɴ | نࣷ | c | |
(81) | Ṅ ṅ | Ṅ ṅ | ɳ | نࣸ | c | |
(82) | Ņ ņ | - | n̩ | نْ | m | |
(83) | O o | - | o/ˑ | ۆ | v | |
(84) | Ō ō | - | oː | ۆٙ | v | |
(85) | Ȯ ȯ | - | o / - (f) | ۆ࣪ | v | |
(86) | Õ õ | - | õ | وࣸ | v | |
(87) | Ô ô | Ôw ôw | ɔw | ۈ | s | |
(88) | Ö ö | - | œ | ۏ | v | |
(89) | Ø ø | - | ø | ۋ | v | |
(90) | Ǫ ǫ | Ǫw ǫw | əʊ̯ | وࣺ | s | |
(91) | P p | Pp pp | p | پ | c | |
(92) | Pʰ pʰ | Ph ph | pʰ | ڀ | c | |
(93) | Q q | Qq qq | q | ق | c | |
(94) | R r | Rr rr | r | ر | c | |
(95) | Rr rr | Rrr rrr | r | ڕ | c | |
(96) | Rʰ rʰ | Rh rh | ɾʰ | رٛ | c | |
(97) | Ř ř | Řř řř | ɹ | ڒ | c | |
(98) | Řʰ řʰ | Řh řh | ɹʱ | رࣸ | c | |
(99) | Ŕ ŕ | Řŕ řŕ | ɽ / ʀ | ړ | c | |
(100) | Ŗ ŗ | Ŗr ŗr | r̩ | رْ | m | |
(101) | Ṛ ṛ | Ṛř ṛř | ɹ̩ | ڒ࣪ | m | |
(102) | S s | Ss ss | s | س | c | |
(103) | Sʰ sʰ | Sh sh | sʰ | ښ | c | |
(104) | Ş ş | Şş şş | ʃ | ش | c | |
(105) | Şʰ şʰ | Şh şh | ʃʰ | ݜ | c | |
(106) | Ṣ ṣ | Ṣṣ ṣṣ | sˤ | ص | c | |
(107) | Ṡ ṡ | Ṡṡ ṡṡ | ʂ | سٚ | c | |
(108) | Ŝ ŝ | Ŝŝ ŝŝ | ç | ݾ | c | |
(109) | Š š | Şç şç | ʃt͡ʃ. / .ʃt͡ʃ | ڛ | c | |
(110) | T t | Ť ť | t | ت | c | |
(111) | Ť ť | Ťt ťt | tˑ (l) | تّ | c | |
(112) | Tʰ tʰ | Th th | tʰ | ٿ | c | |
(113) | Ṯ ṯ | Ṯṯ ṯṯ | θ | ث | c | |
(114) | Ṭ ṭ | Ṭṭ ṭṭ | tˤ | ط | c | |
(115) | Ṫ ṫ | Ṫṫ ṫṫ | ʈ | ټ | c | |
(116) | ᵀ ᵗ | - | h (fin) / - (fin, d) / t (med) | ة | c | |
(117) | Ț ț | Tŝ tŝ | t͡ɕ | تٛ | c | |
(118) | U u | - | u | و | v | |
(119) | Û û | - | uˑ/ː | ۉ | v | |
(120) | Ũ ũ | - | ũ | وࣷ | v | |
(121) | Ü ü | - | y/ˑ/ː | ۊ | v | |
(122) | Ů ů | Ůf ůf / ův ův | f (fin), v (med) | ࢫ | c | |
(123) | V v | Vv vv | v | ڤ | c | |
(124) | Vʰ vʰ | Vh vh | vʱ | ڤٚ | c | |
(125) | W w | Ww ww | w | و | s | |
(126) | Ŵ ŵ | Ŵŵ ŵŵ | ɸ | ۄ | c | |
(127) | Ẃ ẃ | Iww iww | ɯw | ڡ | c | |
(128) | Ẁ ẁ | Êww êww | ew | ڡٚ | c | |
(129) | Ẇ ẇ | Ẇv ẇv | v̩ | ڡٙ | m | |
(130) | Wu wu | - | wu | وُ | v | |
(131) | ᵂ ʷ | - | ʷ | ٝ | c | |
(132) | X x | Xx xx | x | خ | c | |
(133) | Ẍ ẍ | Ẍx ẍx / Ẍǧ ẍǧ | x (fin), ɣ (med) | غْ | c | |
(134) | Ẋ ẋ | Ẋs ẋs | ks | ــٛٚـ | c | |
(135) | Y y | Yy yy | j | ی | s | |
(136) | Yî yî | - | ji/ˑ | یِ | v | |
(137) | ʸ ʸ | - | ʲ | ِ | c | |
(138) | Z z | Zz zz | z | ز | c | |
(139) | Zʰ zʰ | Zh zh | zʱ | ڗ | c | |
(140) | Ż ż | Ts ts | t͡s | ځ | c | |
(141) | Ẓ ẓ | Ẓẓ ẓẓ | zˤ | ظ | c | |
(142) | Ž ž | Dz dz | d͡z | څ | c | |
(143) | Ẑ ẑ | Ẑẑ ẑẑ | ʐ | ژࣺ | c | |
(144) | ʔ ɂ | ʔɂ ɂɂ | ʔ | ئ | c | |
(145) | ʿ ʿ | ʿʿ | ʕ | ع | c |
Grammar
Personal pronouns
Singular | Plural | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||||
Masc. | Fem. | Neutr. | Impers. | Plur. | Polite. | |||||
(English) | I | you (sing.) | he | she | it | you (impers.) | we | you (plur.) | you (pol.) | they |
Nominative | āz ئەٙز |
tû تۉ |
ew ئەو |
we وە |
to تۆ |
ûn ئۉن |
em ئەم |
şomâ شۆماٚ |
hûn ھۉن |
unhâ ئونھاٚ |
Dative | minêh مۀنےٛ |
tebîʲ تەبیٖ |
êwār ئێوەٙر |
îwār ئیوەٙر |
tiwār تۀوەٙر |
ûnêh ئۉنےٛ |
emêh ئەمےٛ |
şomâyêh شۆماٚیےٛ |
hinêh ھۀنےٛ |
unhâyêh ئۉنھاٚیےٛ |
Accusative | minu مۀنو |
tā تەٙ |
êwān ئێوەٙن |
îwān ئیوەٙن |
tʷān تٝەٙن |
ûnu ئۉنو |
emu ئەمو |
şomâyu شۆماٚیو |
hinâ ھۀناٚ |
unhâyu ئونھاٚیو |
Possessive | min مۀن |
tvậy تڤاٚ࣪ی |
ewîn ئەوین |
îwîn ئیوین |
tiwîn تۀوین |
ńegov ڼەگۆڤ |
mâ ماٚ |
şimîn شۀمین |
hûnem ھۉنەم |
ńîĥov ڼیھٛۆڤ |
Nouns
Declension of Nouns
Ending with a semi- or consonant besides h, ǐ, ï and y
Entire Word | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||||
Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | |
Nominative | - | -o ۆ- |
-a ا- |
-ê ێ- |
-ân اٚن- |
-âno اٚنۆ- |
-âna اٚنا- |
-ânê اٚنێ- |
Dative | -êh ےٛ- |
-êyo ێیۆ- |
-êya ێیا- |
-êyê ێیێ- |
-ânêh اٚنےٛ- |
-ânêyo اٚنێیۆ- |
-ânêya اٚنێیا- |
-ânêyê اٚنێیێ- |
Accusative | -u و- |
-uyo ویۆ- |
-uya ویا- |
-uyê ویێ- |
-ânu اٚنو- |
-ânuyo اٚنویۆ- |
-anuya اٚنویا- |
-ânuyê اٚنویێ- |
(((Stem))) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||||
Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | |
Nominative | ||||||||
Dative | ||||||||
Accusative |
Ending with an n
Entire Word | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||||
Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | |
Nominative | - | -o ۆ- |
-a ا- |
-ê ێ- |
-hâ ھاٚ- |
-hâyo ھاٚیۆ- |
-hâya ھاٚیا- |
-hâyê ھاٚیێ- |
Dative | -êh ےٛ- |
-êyo ێیۆ- |
-êya ێیا- |
-êyê ێیێ- |
-hâyêh ھاٚیےٛ- |
-hâyêto ھاٚیێتۆ- |
-hâyêta ھاٚیێتا- |
-hâyêtê ھاٚیێتێ- |
Accusative | -u و- |
-uyo ویۆ- |
-uya ویا- |
-uyê ویێ- |
-hâyu ھاٚیو- |
-hâyuto ھاٚیوتۆ- |
-hâyuta ھاٚیوتا- |
-hâyutê ھاٚیوتێ- |
Ending with a vowel
The vowels able to let a noun be declined like the following chart shows: ã, â, ẫ, ậ, ä, e, ẽ, ë, ī, õ, ö, ø, ũ, û
Entire Word | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||||
Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | |
Nominative | - | -yo یۆ- |
-ya یا- |
-yê یێ- |
-yân یاٚن- |
-yâno یاٚنۆ- |
-yâna یاٚنا- |
-yânê یاٚنێ- |
Dative | -yêh یےٛ- |
-yêto یێتۆ- |
-yêta یێتا- |
-yêtê یێتێ- |
-yânêh یاٚنےٛ- |
-yânêyo یاٚنێیۆ- |
-yânêya یاٚنێیا- |
-yânêyê یاٚنێیێ- |
Accusative | -yu یو- |
-yuto یوتۆ- |
-yuta یوتا- |
-yutê یوتێ- |
-yânu یاٚنو- |
-yânuyo یاٚنویۆ- |
-yânuya یاٚنویا- |
-yânuyê یاٚنویێ- |
Ending with a y
Entire Word | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||||
Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | |
Nominative | - | -o ۆ- |
-a ا- |
-ê ێ- |
-ân اٚن- |
-âno اٚنۆ- |
-âna اٚنا- |
-ânê اٚنێ- |
Dative | -êh ےٛ- |
-êto ێتۆ- |
-êta ێتا- |
-êtê ێتێ- |
-ânêh اٚنےٛ- |
-ânêyo اٚنێیۆ- |
-ânêya اٚنێیا- |
-ânêyê اٚنێیێ- |
Accusative | -u و- |
-uto وتۆ- |
-uta وتا- |
-utê وتێ- |
-ânu اٚنو- |
-ânuyo اٚنویۆ- |
-ânuya اٚنویا- |
-ânuyê اٚنویێ- |
Ending with an h
Except final h | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||||
Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | |
Nominative | - | -yo یۆ- |
-ya یا- |
-yê یێ- |
-yân یاٚن- |
-yâno یاٚنۆ- |
-yâna یاٚنا- |
-yânê یاٚنێ- |
Dative | -yêh یےٛ- |
-yêto یێتۆ- |
-yêta یێتا- |
-yêtê یێتێ- |
-yânêh یاٚنےٛ- |
-yânêyo یاٚنێیۆ- |
-yânêya یاٚنێیا- |
-yânêyê یاٚنێیێ- |
Accusative | -yu یو- |
-yuto یوتۆ- |
-yuta یوتا- |
-yutê یوتێ- |
-yânu یاٚنو- |
-yânuyo یاٚنویۆ- |
-yânuya یاٚنویا- |
-yânuyê یاٚنویێ- |
When the two last consonants are y and h (with a vowel between them), or also for nouns ending with ᵗ
Except final h/ᵗ | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||||
Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | |
Nominative | - | -to تۆ- |
-ta تا- |
-tê تێ- |
-tân تاٚن- |
-tâno تاٚنۆ- |
-tâna تاٚنا- |
-tânê تاٚنێ- |
Dative | -têh تےٛ- |
-têyo تێیۆ- |
-têya تێیا- |
-têyê تێیێ- |
-tânêh تاٚنےٛ- |
-tânêyo تاٚنێیۆ- |
-tânêya تاٚنێیا- |
-tânêyê تاٚنێیێ- |
Accusative | -tu تو- |
-tuyo تویۆ- |
-tuya تویا- |
-tuyê تویێ- |
-tânu تاٚنو- |
-tânuyo تاٚنویۆ- |
-tânuya تاٚنویا- |
-tânuyê تاٚنویێ- |
-ȧ(-)
Entire Word | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||||
Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | |
Nominative | - | -a-o ا-ۆ- |
-e-a ە-ا- |
-a-ê ا-ێ- |
-e-ân ە-اٚن- |
-e-âno ە-اٚنۆ- |
-e-âna ە-اٚنا- |
-e-ânê ە-اٚنێ- |
Dative | -a-êh ا-ےٛ- |
-a-êyo ا-ێیۆ- |
-a-êya ا-ێیا- |
-a-êyê ا-ێیێ- |
-e-ânêh ە-اٚنےٛ |
-e-ânêyo ە-اٚنێیۆ- |
-e-ânêya ە-اٚنێیا- |
-e-ânêyê ە-اٚنێیێ |
Accusative | -e-u ە-و- |
-e-uyo ە-ویۆ- |
-e-uya ە-ویا- |
-e-uyê ە-ویێ- |
-e-ânu ە-اٚنو- |
-e-ânuyo ە-اٚنویۆ- |
-e-ânuya ە-اٚنویا- |
-e-ânuyê ە-اٚنویێ |
If the letter after the ȧ is nothing, an h, ʸ, ǐ or ï, the "y" shown in the last chart turns into t.
Other rules
Ǐ turns to iy, ï to ïy, ô to ậw, ǫ to öw, ẃ to iw, ẁ to êw, č to şt and ć to st, when being the final letter of an unflexed word. When the last vowel is å, ė, į or ȯ, it disappears in the flexed form of a word.
Verbs
Every verb is declined regularly except of îmü (between to have and to be) and morü (to be).
Personal Pronouns | Indicative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Past | Future | Future Perfect | |||
Standard | Simplified | Standard | Simplified | |||
Āz ئەٙز |
-o ۆ- |
-obû ۆبۉ- |
ço -ü چۆ -ۊ |
dêʲ -o دێٖ -ۆ |
ço -übû چۆ -ۊبۉ |
dêʲ -obû دیٖ -ۆبۉ |
Tû تۉ |
-ê ێ- |
-îbû یبۉ/-یِبۉ- |
çê -ü چە -ۊ |
dêʲ -ê دێٖ -ێ |
çê -übû چێ -ۊبۉ |
dêʲ -îbû دێٖ -یبۉ/دێٖ -یِبۉ |
Ew/We/To/Ûn ئەو/وە/تۆ/ئۉن |
-ā ەٙ- |
-ābû ەٙبۉ- |
çā -ü چەٙ -ۊ |
dêʲ -ā دێٖ -ەٙ |
çā -übû چەٙ -ۊبۉ |
dêʲ -ābû دێٖ -ەٙبۉ |
Em ئەم |
-âm اٚم- |
-âbûn اٚبۉن- |
çâm -ü چاٚم -ۊ |
dêʲ -âm دێٖ -اٚم |
çâm -übûn چاٚم -ۊبۉن |
dêʲ -âbûn دێٖ -اٚبۉن |
Şomâ/Hûn شۆماٚ/ھۉن |
-in ۀن- |
-îbûn یبۉن/-یِبۉن |
çøn -ü چۋن -ۊ |
dêʲ -in دێٖ -ۀن |
çøn -übûn چۋن -ۊبۉن |
dêʲ -îbûn دێٖ -یبۉن/-یِبۉن |
Ûnhâ ئۉنھاٚ |
-ānd ەٙند- |
-ābûn ەٙبۉن- |
çøn -ü چۋن -ۊ |
dêʲ -ānd دێٖ -ەٙند |
çøn -übûn چۋن -ۊبۉن |
dêʲ -ābûn دێٖ -ەٙبۉن |
This page is under construction, as of May 2020.