Nanyse: Difference between revisions

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'''Nanyse''' is an old and dead language of the Dumun, the result of the melding of the Proto-Afroasiatic and Proto-Indoeuropean languages due to the enslavement of their speakers by the Byluza. Although it is no longer spoken, this language was the platform that the four current languages of the Dumun were built upon. A small, yet growing, movement has begun among the Jara to breathe new life into the language, but otherwise it is known only to scholars and historians.
'''Nanyse''', also called Lax-An or Ancestor's Tongue, is an old and dead language of the Dumun, the result of the melding of the Proto-Afroasiatic and Proto-Indoeuropean languages due to the enslavement of their speakers by the Byluza. Although it is no longer spoken, this language was the platform that the four current languages of the Dumun were built upon. A small, yet growing, movement has begun among the Jara to breathe new life into the language, but otherwise it is known only to scholars and historians.
 
----
The Lax-An language (LA) is the linguistic reconstruction of a common ancestor of the first language spoken by those (Humans) first brought into (the Void). Scholars hypothesize that LA was the result of a merging of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afro-Asiatic languages and estimate that it was spoken as a simple language until (year) (era)
----
 
Scholars estimate that PIE may have been spoken as a single language (before divergence began) around 3500 BC, though estimates by different authorities can vary by more than a millennium. The most popular hypothesis for the origin and spread of the language is the Kurgan hypothesis, which postulates an origin in the Pontic-Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe.
 
The existence of PIE was first postulated in the 18th century by Sir William Jones, who observed the similarities between Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, and Latin. By the early 20th century, well-defined descriptions of PIE had been developed that are still accepted today (with some refinements). The largest developments of the 20th century have been the discovery of Anatolian and Tocharian languages and the acceptance of the laryngeal theory. The Anatolian languages have also spurred a major re-evaluation of theories concerning the development of various shared Indo-European language features and the extent to which these features were present in PIE itself.
 
PIE is thought to have had a complex system of morphology that included inflections (suffixing of roots, as in who, whom, whose), and ablaut (vowel alterations, as in sing, sang, sung). Nouns used a sophisticated system of declension and verbs used a similarly sophisticated system of conjugation.
 
Relationships to other language families, including the Uralic languages, have been proposed but remain controversial.
 
There is no written evidence of Proto-Indo-European, so all knowledge of the language is derived by reconstruction from later languages using linguistic techniques such as the comparative method and the method of internal reconstruction.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
PAA
a six-vowel system which consists of short /a/, /i/, /u/ and long /aa/, /ii/, /uu/;
voiced and voiceless pharyngeal fricatives;
a glottal stop that is used to distinguish word meaning;
a three-way contrast between voiced, voiceless, and emphatic consonants which may be realized as velarized, glottalized, pharyngealized, ejective, orimplosive.
use of semivowels /w/ and /j/ in the role of consonants.
PIE
Labiovelar consonants include [kw, gw, xw, ngw] which are pronounced like [k, g, x, ng] but with rounded lips.
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). They include [k, g, x, ng].
Palatovelar consonants are articulated with the back part of the tongue against the hard palate. They include [k', g', x', ng']. For example, [k'] is pronounced as the k in keen.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==

Revision as of 07:53, 28 April 2014


Nanyse, also called Lax-An or Ancestor's Tongue, is an old and dead language of the Dumun, the result of the melding of the Proto-Afroasiatic and Proto-Indoeuropean languages due to the enslavement of their speakers by the Byluza. Although it is no longer spoken, this language was the platform that the four current languages of the Dumun were built upon. A small, yet growing, movement has begun among the Jara to breathe new life into the language, but otherwise it is known only to scholars and historians.


The Lax-An language (LA) is the linguistic reconstruction of a common ancestor of the first language spoken by those (Humans) first brought into (the Void). Scholars hypothesize that LA was the result of a merging of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afro-Asiatic languages and estimate that it was spoken as a simple language until (year) (era)


Scholars estimate that PIE may have been spoken as a single language (before divergence began) around 3500 BC, though estimates by different authorities can vary by more than a millennium. The most popular hypothesis for the origin and spread of the language is the Kurgan hypothesis, which postulates an origin in the Pontic-Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe.

The existence of PIE was first postulated in the 18th century by Sir William Jones, who observed the similarities between Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, and Latin. By the early 20th century, well-defined descriptions of PIE had been developed that are still accepted today (with some refinements). The largest developments of the 20th century have been the discovery of Anatolian and Tocharian languages and the acceptance of the laryngeal theory. The Anatolian languages have also spurred a major re-evaluation of theories concerning the development of various shared Indo-European language features and the extent to which these features were present in PIE itself.

PIE is thought to have had a complex system of morphology that included inflections (suffixing of roots, as in who, whom, whose), and ablaut (vowel alterations, as in sing, sang, sung). Nouns used a sophisticated system of declension and verbs used a similarly sophisticated system of conjugation.

Relationships to other language families, including the Uralic languages, have been proposed but remain controversial.

There is no written evidence of Proto-Indo-European, so all knowledge of the language is derived by reconstruction from later languages using linguistic techniques such as the comparative method and the method of internal reconstruction.

Phonology

PAA a six-vowel system which consists of short /a/, /i/, /u/ and long /aa/, /ii/, /uu/; voiced and voiceless pharyngeal fricatives; a glottal stop that is used to distinguish word meaning; a three-way contrast between voiced, voiceless, and emphatic consonants which may be realized as velarized, glottalized, pharyngealized, ejective, orimplosive. use of semivowels /w/ and /j/ in the role of consonants.

PIE Labiovelar consonants include [kw, gw, xw, ngw] which are pronounced like [k, g, x, ng] but with rounded lips. Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). They include [k, g, x, ng]. Palatovelar consonants are articulated with the back part of the tongue against the hard palate. They include [k', g', x', ng']. For example, [k'] is pronounced as the k in keen.


Morphology

Syntax

Vocabulary

Nanyse Vocabulary
Number Nanyse Word Nanyse Word Meaning Proto-Afroasiatic Word Proto-AA Word Meaning Proto-Indoeuropean Word Proto-IE Word Meaning
1 ama I ʾanā I me I
2 atu you (sing) atta you túh₂ you
3 hu he he * *
4 weva we nəħna we wéy we
5 uton you (pl) attōn you you
6 hem they hum they * *
7 kad this hāðē this kod this
8 tad that hāhu that tód that
9 una here hunā here * *
10 unag there hunāka there * *
11 manes who mannu who kʷis who
12 what what * *
13 æge where ʾaykā where * *
14 mofæ when mâθay when * *
15 ægen how ʾaykan how * *
16 na not ma not ne not
17 dum all tVm all * *
18 hal many HawVl many * *
19 kalo some kmā some kaylo, solwo some
20 adat few ḫədāṭ few * *
21 ælfre other ʾaħér other h₂el-yó other
22 vonu one, 1 ʾaħadu one (H)óynos one
23 bwash two, 2 baʕiĉ̣ two dwóh₁ two
24 xæyas three, 3 šalāš three tréyes three
25 tworba four, 4 ʾarbaʿ four kʷetwóres four
26 uben five, 5 ḫ/ḥup/bin five pénkʷe five
27 kof big kabVr big * *
28 lug long ĉaʔd long dluh₂gʰós long
29 lefo wide rəħub wide * *
30 fen thick ʿvīṭā thick bʰenǵʰ thick
31 jalu heavy ɣaluč̣ heavy gʷer(h₂) heavy
32 ges small kus small mey small
33 regos short qâṣâr short mreǵʰú short
34 henga narrow qatnu narrow h₂enǵʰ narrow
35 tanus thin rVḳ thin ténh₂us thin
36 gamen female ʔamin woman gʷḗn woman
37 xero male ʒ/ǯa man wiHrós man
38 manica human being ga/ič(-aʔ) human being mánus human being
39 pewud child w/yVd child nepeh₃t grandson/nephew
40 exo wife ʾiššâ wife snúsos daugter-in-law
41 dawa husband ḥawVy husband *daywe husband's brother
42 mame mother ʔVma mother méh₂tēr mother
43 pape father bab father ph₂tḗr father
44 onem animal ʕum-ʕam animal * *
45 ku fish bus fish dʰǵʰu fish
46 sewa bird sabaḥ bird h₂éwis bird
47 kor dog kayar dog ḱwṓ dog
48 nyn louse ʔint louse knid louse
49 sefan snake sVf snake h₂engwi snake
50 rom worm dVm worm wr̥mi worm
51 dowu tree rVwVy tree dóru tree
52 cur forest suʕVr forest * *
53 gadso stick guʕad stick ǵhasto stick
54 bar fruit pi/ar fruit * *
55 xel seed či/ul seed * *
56 sep leaf ĉap leaf * *
57 sera root ĉVr root wréh₂ds root
58 gog bark ḳaw(ḳ) bark of tree * *
59 umpa flower ʔanbab flower * *
60 sæn grass sayam grass koino grass
61 sul rope sur rope * *
62 ape skin ʔad-Vm skin pel skin
63 mex meat fVʔ meat mēms meat
64 exa blood dam blood h₁ésh₂r̥ blood
65 gas bone ḳ(ʷ)as bone kost bone
66 taru fat pidar fat smeru fat
67 zaho egg sawVḥ egg h₂ōwyóm egg
68 ko horn ḳar horn koru horn
69 ce tail č̣ihr tail * *
70 sa feather ŝakʷ feather * *
71 fol hair sVʔVm hair pulh₂ hair
72 kal head gVl(gVl) head kaput head
73 os ear sim ear h₂ows ear
74 æhuk eye ʕayVn eye h₃ekʷ eye
75 nyha nose naḫVr nose hnéh₂s nose
76 efas mouth ʔa-pay mouth h₁oh₁s mouth
77 adus tooth kV(ʔ)Vs tooth h₃dónts tooth
78 lax tongue lis tongue dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s tongue
79 nak fingernail gu/iĉ fingernail h₃nógʰ(r)o fingernail
80 gob foot ĉayṗ foot pṓds foot
81 rosgo leg wa(ʕ)r leg kroksko leg
82 kena knee g(ʷ)inʒ knee ǵónu knee
83 tæpa hand ṭapiḥ hand man hand
84 gam wing ganVḥ wing * *
85 hudu belly hun belly udero belly
86 yta guts * * eh₁ter guts
87 gad neck ḳard neck mon neck
88 ya back yiʔ back * *
89 sdam breast ʔa-nwan breast psten breast
90 kyl heart li/ubb heart ḱḗr heart
91 ehywa liver tiraw/ʔ liver yeh₁kwr̥ liver
92 ag drink ʕab drink h₁egʷʰ to drink
93 ed eat birVh eat h₁ed to eat
94 kek bite ḳVḳ bite denḱ to bite
95 ok suck ni/uḳ suck dʰeh₁(i) to suck
96 pyx spit pičw to spit sp(y)eu to spit
97 gen vomit ḳ(ʷ)VʔVʕ vomit wem to vomit
98 sewe blow fiwaq blow weh₁ to blow
99 nuse breathe nVsVp breathe pneu to breathe
100 mi laugh * * (s)mei to laugh
101 no see naʔ see weyd to see
102 glu hear * * ḱlew to hear
103 ewa know siwan know ǵneh₃ to know
104 rag think lak think tong to think
105 senæ smell sVn smell h₃ed to smell
106 fure fear furVh fear * *
107 wam sleep wiʕan sleep drem to sleep
108 gew live gir live gʷeiH₃w to live
109 mat die mawVt die mer to die
110 ken kill ɣVwar kill gʷʰen to kill
111 lam fight laḥm fight * *
112 xohe hunt c̣ayad hunt * *
113 ple hit nig(ʕ) strike pleh₂k to hit
114 tag cut dac cut * *
115 fedak split fVṭVḳ split * *
116 taka stab dagwaṣa stab * *
117 kolb scratch ʔakul scratch gerbʰ to scratch
118 hot dig hut dig * *
119 nehu swim nVbVy swim néh₂-u to swim
120 per fly pVr fly pet to fly
121 krod walk ŝVʔŝVʔ walk gʰredʰ to walk
122 jam come may come gʷem to come
123 lek lie * * legʰ to lie
124 sdes sit tis sit sed to sit
125 sta stand ĉawVʔ stand steh₂ to stand
126 han turn ʕVn turn * *
127 de fall diḥ fall * *
128 bela give barVʕ give deh₃ to give
129 sek hold kum hold segʰ to hold
130 xad squeeze ĉVḥaṭ squeeze * *
131 male rub ʕVruk rub melh₁ to rub
132 lew wash waʕab wash leh₂w to wash
133 fet wipe fVtt wipe * *
134 ta pull ʔitaḥ pull * *
135 tu push tur push * *
136 fep throw ĉVl throw swep to throw
137 kanu tie ḳanVw tie * *
138 syhup sew ʕVḳVp sew syuh₁ to sew
139 ud count ʕud count * *
140 ka say kaw say * *
141 gan sing gaʔ sing kan to sing
142 reh play riw play * *
143 daf float ṭaf float * *
144 balal flow bVl(Vl) flow * *
145 gerex freeze ḳVrVs freeze * *
146 ba swell bVʕ swell * *
147 azo sun ʔaǯ sun sóh₂wl̥ sun
148 mehyn moon ḳiḥ moon mḗh₁n̥s moon
149 estyr star suhw star h₂stḗr star
150 ma water maʔ water h₂ekʷeh₂ water
151 mun rain buʕun rain h₂ekmon rain
152 ekæ river siw/ʔVn river h₂ekw-eh₂ river
153 hep lake wVʕVr lake h₂ep lake
154 eam sea yam sea * *
155 ham salt ḥamʕ/ʔ salt sal salt
156 akmo stone ḥak stone h₂ekmon stone
157 bor sand bur sand * *
158 dust fay/ʔ sand pers dust
159 aric earth ʔariĉ̣ earth dʰéǵʰōm earth
160 næbo cloud ɣay/wb cloud nébʰos cloud
161 snuf fog luf fog sneudh fog
162 ra sky raw sky * *
163 sawa wind sa(w/yV)ḥ wind ḱewero wind
164 sne snow * * sneigwh snow
165 ek ice * * yeg ice
166 damo smoke daʕar smoke dʰuh₁mós smoke
167 jer fire gir fire h₁égnis fire
168 jur ash gur ash h₃és-i ash
169 yr burn ʔu/ir burn swel to burn
170 pan road darib road pent road
171 wur mountain ḫurs mountain gʷerh₃ mountain
172 ton red dVm red h₁rewdʰós red
173 ureg green wVraḳ green * *
174 kam yellow caḥm yellow k(e)nhkos yellow
175 abos white c̣aḥ white h₂elbʰós white
176 cem black č̣ilam black h₂ems black
177 nake night naw/yn night nókʷts night
178 era day hVraw/y day h₂eǵh day
179 san year san year yeHr year
180 sers warm sirVf warm tep warm
181 juwa cold ḥVwas cold gel cold
182 uro full ḫVr full pl̥h₁nós full
183 mæho new may/ʔ new néwos new
184 hasen old yas old senh₁ó old
185 mor good mVr good h₁su good
186 awab bad yaway bad h₂wap bad
187 pog rotten buḳ be rotten * *
188 sud dirty suʔit be dirty * *
189 ysar straight yasar straight * *
190 topol round dVbVl round * *
191 zed sharp ħadd sharp h₂eḱ sharp
192 bwado dull pVṭVs flatten * *
193 elak smooth ḥalaḳ be smooth * *
194 eda wet daʔ wet wed wet
195 tuz dry kVʒ dry ters dry
196 maro correct marVʕ be true * *
197 kærf near qâróv near * *
198 we far way far wi far
199 delum right walyam right deḱs right
200 xewas left šimāl left sewyós left
201 apy at ba at opi at
202 pen in bi in (h₁?)en in
203 be with bi with pe with
204 kwa and wa and kʷe and
205 am if ʾim, if * *
206 bedal because biğlal because * *
207 xynam name sim name h₁nómn̥ name
* an ancestor * * h₂en- ancestor
* dedar brother di/ad brother bʰréh₂tēr brother
* sesar sister si/ut sister swésōr sister
* zanu son ʒ/ǯaʔ son suHnús son
* date daughter si/ut daughter dʰugh₂tḗr daughter
* * * * * * *
* * * * * * *
* * * * * * *