Verse:Mwail/Old Gloob: Difference between revisions

Line 828:

!|Pronominal

|''imé''

|''~~ivá~~''

|''iħé''

|''iŧá''

|''morcár'' (human); ''morsát'' (nonhuman)

Line 892:

|''-''

|-

!|Cause

!|Cause1

|''jḗn'', ''jḗrmé''

|''mḗn''

Line 902:

|''-''

|-

!|Purpose

!|Purpose1

|''jást''

|''mést''

Line 912:

|''-''

|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>The difference between the two words for 'here' is that of clusivity: ''mách'' means "where I am/we(exc) are or pointing" whereas ''dáte'' means "where we(inc) are".

<nowiki>*</nowiki>The difference between the two words for 'here' is that of clusivity: ''mách'' means "where I am/we(exc) are or pointing" whereas ''dáte'' means "where we(inc) are".

1Traditionally called "cause" and "purpose", the "cause" series is used with verbs in the realis tenses (present, past, future)

, and the "purpose" series used with the jussive.

The three distance levels of demonstratives each have derived uses in discourse:

*The ''m''-series is used:

**very similarly to English ''this'', as a cataphoric reference, or to highlight new or especially vivid information in general

*The ''ħ''-series is used:

**For general anaphora (things already mentioned in the discourse)

**(the pronouns) for anaphoric uses at a focus level intermediate of that of the ''m''-series and the 3rd person pronouns.

*The ''ŧ''-series is used:

**For psychologically distant items, places or times

**To express contempt

**As a second-in-line demonstrative, similar to obviation

:'''''Tír duovilairín mé at ŧá.'''''

:''Neither of these appeal to me.''

In highly humble language (roughly equivalent to German ''Ihr''), the "near speaker" and "near hearer" demonstratives are used in epithets for 1st and 2nd person respectively in lieu of grammatical 1st or 2nd person. (e.g. ''clū́dílē mé'': "this humble subject", ''áchrē ħé/tīnā́ ħī́/sliévā ħī́'': Your Majesty/Highness; lit. "that king/hand/throne", ''domarvárlē/a̋thmavárlē ħé/ā́thmī́dī ħī́'', "that called one/sanctified one/holiness"; used to address a priest, ''mách/ħách'' generic humble language, used for locative obliques as substitutes for 1st or 2nd person inflected prepositions)

@@ Line 828: / Line 828: @@
 !|Pronominal
 |''imé''
-|''ivá''
+|''iħé''
 |''iŧá''
 |''morcár'' (human); ''morsát'' (nonhuman)
@@ Line 892: / Line 892: @@
 |''-''
 |-
-!|Cause
+!|Cause<sup>1</sup>
 |''jḗn'', ''jḗrmé''
 |''mḗn''
@@ Line 902: / Line 902: @@
 |''-''
 |-
-!|Purpose
+!|Purpose<sup>1</sup>
 |''jást''
 |''mést''
@@ Line 912: / Line 912: @@
 |''-''
 |}
-<nowiki>*</nowiki>The difference between the two words for 'here' is that of clusivity: ''mách'' means "where I am/we(exc) are or pointing" whereas ''dáte'' means "where we(inc) are".
+<nowiki>*</nowiki>The difference between the two words for 'here' is that of clusivity: ''mách'' means "where I am/we(exc) are or pointing" whereas ''dáte'' means "where we(inc) are".<br/>
+<sup>1</sup>Traditionally called "cause" and "purpose", the "cause" series is used with verbs in the realis tenses (present, past, future)
+, and the "purpose" series used with the jussive.
+The three distance levels of demonstratives each have derived uses in discourse:
+*The ''m''-series is used:
+**very similarly to English ''this'', as a cataphoric reference, or to highlight new or especially vivid information in general
+*The ''ħ''-series is used:
+**For general anaphora (things already mentioned in the discourse)
+**(the pronouns) for anaphoric uses at a focus level intermediate of that of the ''m''-series and the 3rd person pronouns.
+*The ''ŧ''-series is used:
+**For psychologically distant items, places or times
+**To express contempt
+**As a second-in-line demonstrative, similar to obviation
+:'''''Tír duovilairín mé at ŧá.'''''
+:''Neither of these appeal to me.''
 In highly humble language (roughly equivalent to German ''Ihr''), the "near speaker" and "near hearer" demonstratives are used in epithets for 1st and 2nd person respectively in lieu of grammatical 1st or 2nd person. (e.g. ''clū́dílē mé'': "this humble subject", ''áchrē ħé/tīnā́ ħī́/sliévā ħī́'': Your Majesty/Highness; lit. "that king/hand/throne", ''domarvárlē/a̋thmavárlē ħé/ā́thmī́dī ħī́'', "that called one/sanctified one/holiness"; used to address a priest, ''mách/ħách'' generic humble language, used for locative obliques as substitutes for 1st or 2nd person inflected prepositions)