Verse:Mwail/Old Gloob: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs have elaborate but quite regular inflection. Finite verbs are marked for TAM, mirativity, voice (active and | Verbs have elaborate but quite regular inflection. Finite verbs are marked for TAM, mirativity, voice (active and passive), the subject's (and the object's, if it is indexed) person, number, and gender. Verbs also have several non-finite forms, used with various subordinating conjunctions and relative clauses. If the direct object is definite, the verb is obligatorily marked with the direct object's person, number, and gender. | ||
Definite direct object agreement is not required: | Definite direct object agreement is not required: | ||
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======Active====== | ======Active====== | ||
The active voice is the default voice, used when the subject is the agent of the verb. | The active voice is the default voice, used when the subject is the agent of the verb. | ||
====== | ======Passive====== | ||
The | The passive marks the subject as a patient of the verb. Apart from passivity, passives may have a derivational function; they may indicate reflexive or involuntary/spontaneous actions with active intransitives (''sṓtvati machīnýn'' "my legs walk by themselves, without my control"). As such there are quite a few deponent verbs, verbs that are inherently passive, and also passive counterparts of active intransitive verbs. | ||
=====Supplementary voices===== | =====Supplementary voices===== | ||
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====Voice/Person/TAM markers==== | ====Voice/Person/TAM markers==== | ||
:''See also [[Themsaran/Verbal subparadigms|tables for conjugation subparadigms]].'' | :''See also [[Themsaran/Verbal subparadigms|tables for conjugation subparadigms]].'' | ||
Shown below are the final and combining forms of subject suffixes of the three conjugation paradigms: the first conjugation, with null thematic vowel, the second conjugation, with thematic vowel ''a'', and the third conjugation, with thematic vowel ''e''. | Shown below are the final and combining forms of subject suffixes of the three conjugation paradigms: the first conjugation, with null thematic vowel, the second conjugation, with thematic vowel ''a'', and the third conjugation, with thematic vowel ''e''. Passive is marked by theme vowel changes (The passive voice suffix has fused with the theme vowel in the history of Themsaran). | ||
The citation form of a verb is the 1st person jussive. The three major conjugations are correlated with the semantics of the verb: | The citation form of a verb is the 1st person jussive. The three major conjugations are correlated with the semantics of the verb: | ||
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!rowspan="2" style="width: 50px; "| | !rowspan="2" style="width: 50px; "| | ||
!colspan="3" | Active | !colspan="3" | Active | ||
!colspan="3" | | !colspan="3" | Passive | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | !style="width: 125px; "|Singular | ||
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!rowspan="2" style="width: 50px; "| | !rowspan="2" style="width: 50px; "| | ||
!colspan="3" | Active | !colspan="3" | Active | ||
!colspan="3" | | !colspan="3" | Passive | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | !style="width: 125px; "|Singular | ||
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!rowspan="2" style="width: 50px; "| | !rowspan="2" style="width: 50px; "| | ||
!colspan="3" | Active | !colspan="3" | Active | ||
!colspan="3" | | !colspan="3" | Passive | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | !style="width: 125px; "|Singular | ||
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!rowspan="2" style="width: 50px; "| | !rowspan="2" style="width: 50px; "| | ||
!colspan="3" | Active | !colspan="3" | Active | ||
!colspan="3" | | !colspan="3" | Passive | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | !style="width: 125px; "|Singular | ||
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!rowspan="2" style="width: 50px; "| | !rowspan="2" style="width: 50px; "| | ||
!colspan="3" | Active | !colspan="3" | Active | ||
!colspan="3" | | !colspan="3" | Passive | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | !style="width: 125px; "|Singular | ||
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Three types of participial clauses are used in Themsaran: attributive participle clauses, absolute participle clauses and adverbial participle clauses. | Three types of participial clauses are used in Themsaran: attributive participle clauses, absolute participle clauses and adverbial participle clauses. | ||
Attributive participial clauses are used as relative clauses. The only difference is that the tense of a participial clause describes the time relative to the main clause. Note that attributive participles take a possessive suffix; the possessor of a participle is the direct object if the participle is active, and is the agent if the participle is | Attributive participial clauses are used as relative clauses. The only difference is that the tense of a participial clause describes the time relative to the main clause. Note that attributive participles take a possessive suffix; the possessor of a participle is the direct object if the participle is active, and is the agent if the participle is passive. | ||
In absolute participial clauses the participle is inflected into the predicative state. It can be used to give the general circumstances or purpose (with a future participle) of an event. Certain subordinating conjunctions may be used in tandem with such a participle as well. | In absolute participial clauses the participle is inflected into the predicative state. It can be used to give the general circumstances or purpose (with a future participle) of an event. Certain subordinating conjunctions may be used in tandem with such a participle as well. | ||
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==="Impersonal" sentences=== | ==="Impersonal" sentences=== | ||
Impersonal pronouns do not exist in Themsaran. The verb is put into the | Impersonal pronouns do not exist in Themsaran. The verb is put into the passive with the subject as patient/object, or no subject if there is no patient. | ||
:'''''sṓtva nárgieð gle chmásān det cardḗ''''' | :'''''sṓtva nárgieð gle chmásān det cardḗ''''' | ||