Verse:Tdūrzů/Knench: Difference between revisions

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''Re'' is not used in subordinate clauses:

*''Re ~~Davíð~~ ław žin.'' = David is about to sleep.

*''Re Đavíð ław žin.'' = David is about to sleep.

*''Pið ~~Davíð~~ ław žin, u mul bø hapuð uras.'' = When David goes to sleep, he doesn't turn off the lights.

*''Pið Đavíð ław žin, u mul bø hapuð uras.'' = When David goes to sleep, he doesn't turn off the lights.

Yes-no questions are marked by a rising intonation, using the focus particle ''=nr'' (cognate to Hebrew נא) after the word/phrase whose truth value is asked about, and dropping ''re'' in sentences with a nominal subject. In sentences without a specific focused constituent, ''nr'' appears sentence-finally in sentences with no finite verb, and after the finite verb if there is one.

* ''~~Davíð~~ ław žin nr?'' = Is David going to bed? (neutral)

* ''Đavíð ław žin nr?'' = Is David going to bed? (neutral)

* ''~~Davíð~~ nr ław žin?'' = Is it David who's going to bed?

* ''Đavíð nr ław žin?'' = Is it David who's going to bed?

* ''Fows nr tr [nexú] jax Marijr amž?'' = Did you marry Maria yesterday?

* ''Fows ta nr [nexú] jax Marijr amž?'' = Is it you who married Maria yesterday?

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The auxiliary ''zum'' for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:

* warn the listener of a future event or contingency:

** '''''Zum''' sąras ða luð fu hol łeð.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'

** '''''Zum''' sąras ðø luð fu hol łeð.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'

** '''''Zum''' þafkestas mul juð kabų hetteb!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'

* often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lah tr mul jedą ma '''zum''' i fluð lah tr!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'

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:''His house is as big as a stadium.''

:'''''Fól oj ða fluð halkkbéð oj bø ro-múxr.'''''

:'''''Fól oj ðø fluð halkkbéð oj bø ro-múxr.'''''

:''She did her homework too late.''

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===Faulty accusative===

{{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative (glossed as FA) particle ''ða'' or ''ð' '', from Ancient Cubrite ''jūδ ha-''. It is actually not used for direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. It also replaces a (TAM-marking) "preposition" in front of a lexical verb, when no preposition is used.

{{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative (glossed as FA) particle ''ðø'' or ''ð' '', from Ancient Cubrite ''jūδ ha-''. It is actually not used for direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. It also replaces a (TAM-marking) "preposition" in front of a lexical verb, when no preposition is used.

=== Noun phrase ===

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*'''''ri''' Parm '''døž''' laht'' = Parm just went

*'''''ri''' Parm '''wen''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went

*'''''fól''' Parm '''ða''' laht'' = Parm went (perfective; cf. AAVE ''She done went'')

*'''''fól''' Parm '''ðø''' laht'' = Parm went (perfective; cf. AAVE ''She done went'')

*'''''þąf''' Parm '''ða''' laht'' = Parm will go (perfective)

*'''''þąf''' Parm '''ðø''' laht'' = Parm will go (perfective)

*'''''han''' Parm '''bø''' laht'' = Parm went (imperfective)

*'''''þé''' Parm '''bø'''' laht'' = Parm will go (imperfective)

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Serial verbs are very common in Cubrite, it's an extension of how the infinitive construct used to work in Ancient Cubrite (and Biblical Hebrew).

: Pow Móše ða kaht vðųx maþøn. / Fow Móše ða luð kaht vðųx maþøn.

: Pow Móše ðø kaht vðųx maþøn. / Fow Móše ðø luð kaht vðųx maþøn.

: come.PST.3SG.M Moshe FA take.INF open.INF gift / PST.3SG.M Moshe FA come.INF take.INF open.INF gift

:Moshe came, took, and ate the gift.

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==Example texts==

===UDHR, Article 1===

:{{gentium|'''''Hol plenšil bru'm ða lost bø xor e bø šaw łej hobdas e ðičomatil. Bru'm ða fkud jax rižún e kraleb, e rim bø xett liðalih jaxøm šúv pø nøžóm axwr.'''''}}

:{{gentium|'''''Hol plenšil bru'm ðø lost bø xor e bø šaw łej hobdas e ðičomatil. Bru'm ðø fkud jax rižún e kraleb, e rim bø xett liðalih jaxøm šúv pø nøžóm axwr.'''''}}

:[hɔl ˈplɛnʃɪl bɹʊm ðə ˌlɔzd bə ˈɧoː‿ɹ.ə bə ˈʃaw ɴɛj hɔbdas ə ðɪˈtʃɔmatɪl ‖ bɹʊm ðə ˌfkʊd jaɧ ɹɪˈʒɨːn ə kɹaˈlɛb, ə ɹɛm bə ɧɛʔt lɪˈðalɪx ˌjaɧəm ˈʃɨːf pə nəˈʃaom ˈaɧwə]

:all human/PL-DEF.PL PASS.PRES-3PL be_born PRED free and PRED equal on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL endow with reason and conscience, and PRES.3PL PRES carry behave with one_another LOC spirit brotherhood.

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===Tower of Babel===

# ''Bar pø þó law þebwas ða súðu xóvas ða dapr e han súðu númas bø lųl.''

# ''Bar pø þó law þebwas ðø súðu xóvas ðø dapr e han súðu númas bø lųl.''

# ''Wini pið im bø laht men óstr, flu'm ða vrikk meštaxas Šinłar e ližešib feni.''

# ''Wini pið im bø laht men óstr, flu'm ðø vrikk meštaxas Šinłar e ližešib feni.''

# ''Flu'm el šúv mur: "Púlé, púþnu fluð ambínr e latteb vuð im." E fow ambínil low'm til abonr ða lųl, e ørgílas til mawtt.''

# ''Flu'm el šúv mur: "Púlé, púþnu fluð ambínr e latteb vuð im." E fow ambínil low'm til abonr ðø lųl, e ørgílas til mawtt.''

# ''Flu'm mur: "Púlé, púþnu benin krir lon nu e piri pøze, jąf ruž se ða ląluð laht šmémas, e nąf nu ða nawž nu dųžim! Oz nąf nu mul ða liðvasir łej þó law þebwas."''

# ''Flu'm mur: "Púlé, púþnu benin krir lon nu e piri pøze, jąf ruž se ðø ląluð laht šmémas, e nąf nu ðø nawž nu dųžim! Oz nąf nu mul ðø liðvasir łej þó law þebwas."''

# ''Wini fow Kižas ða rost bu, hę jąf u ða xettném el kriras e pirisr har han plenšil ław benin.''

# ''Wini fow Kižas ðø rost bu, hę jąf u ðø xettném el kriras e pirisr har han plenšil ław benin.''

# ''Fow Kižas mur: "Łeðr kalu'm ða laxew fluð suð til xóð ern har bø dapr xóð núm, jé mul mihšul el mędøbr har jú'm bø zúm fluð!''

# ''Fow Kižas mur: "Łeðr kalu'm ðø laxew fluð suð til xóð ern har bø dapr xóð núm, jé mul mihšul el mędøbr har jú'm bø zúm fluð!''

# ''"Púlé, púþnu rost laht e bawbil núm im, oz jú'm mul bø lębin núm šúv."''

# ''E me feni fow Kižas ða vasir im łej þó law þebwas, e flu'm ða lętul benin kriras.''

# ''E me feni fow Kižas ðø vasir im łej þó law þebwas, e flu'm ðø lętul benin kriras.''

# ''Me jernas fu ken kriras ða kaht šemas Babel -- feni fow Kižas ða bawbil núm þó law þebwas. Me feni fow Kižas ða vasir im łej þó law þebwas.''

# ''Me jernas fu ken kriras ðø kaht šemas Babel -- feni fow Kižas ðø bawbil núm þó law þebwas. Me feni fow Kižas ðø vasir im łej þó law þebwas.''

===Schleicher's Fable===

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*''łeð tub'' [ŋɛθ tub] = have fun

* ''Ajšr šemas tkej tr/ti [tkew tim]?'' = What's your name?

*''Kej ni ða šemas [NAME]'' = My name is [NAME].

*''Kej ni ðø šemas [NAME]'' = My name is [NAME].

*''Powð i men...'' = I'm from...

*''Barð i lost pø...'' = I was born in...

@@ Line 475: / Line 475: @@
 |}
 ''Re'' is not used in subordinate clauses:
-*''Re Davíð ław žin.'' = David is about to sleep.
+*''Re Đavíð ław žin.'' = David is about to sleep.
-*''Pið Davíð ław žin, u mul bø hapuð uras.'' = When David goes to sleep, he doesn't turn off the lights.
+*''Pið Đavíð ław žin, u mul bø hapuð uras.'' = When David goes to sleep, he doesn't turn off the lights.
 Yes-no questions are marked by a rising intonation, using the focus particle ''=nr'' (cognate to Hebrew נא) after the word/phrase whose truth value is asked about, and dropping ''re'' in sentences with a nominal subject. In sentences without a specific focused constituent, ''nr'' appears sentence-finally in sentences with no finite verb, and after the finite verb if there is one.
-* ''Davíð ław žin nr?'' = Is David going to bed? (neutral)
+* ''Đavíð ław žin nr?'' = Is David going to bed? (neutral)
-* ''Davíð nr ław žin?'' = Is it David who's going to bed?
+* ''Đavíð nr ław žin?'' = Is it David who's going to bed?
 * ''Fows nr tr [nexú] jax Marijr amž?'' = Did you marry Maria yesterday?
 * ''Fows ta nr [nexú] jax Marijr amž?'' = Is it you who married Maria yesterday?
@@ Line 488: / Line 488: @@
 The auxiliary ''zum'' for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
 * warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
-** '''''Zum''' sąras ða luð fu hol łeð.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
+** '''''Zum''' sąras ðø luð fu hol łeð.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
 ** '''''Zum''' þafkestas mul juð kabų hetteb!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
 * often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lah tr mul jedą ma '''zum''' i fluð lah tr!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'
@@ Line 558: / Line 558: @@
 :''His house is as big as a stadium.''
-:'''''Fól oj ða fluð halkkbéð oj bø ro-múxr.'''''
+:'''''Fól oj ðø fluð halkkbéð oj bø ro-múxr.'''''
 :''She did her homework too late.''
@@ Line 564: / Line 564: @@
 ===Faulty accusative===
-{{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative (glossed as FA) particle ''ða'' or ''ð' '', from Ancient Cubrite ''jūδ ha-''. It is  actually not used for direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. It also replaces a (TAM-marking) "preposition" in front of a lexical verb, when no preposition is used.
+{{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative (glossed as FA) particle ''ðø'' or ''ð' '', from Ancient Cubrite ''jūδ ha-''. It is  actually not used for direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. It also replaces a (TAM-marking) "preposition" in front of a lexical verb, when no preposition is used.
 === Noun phrase ===
@@ Line 589: / Line 589: @@
 *'''''ri''' Parm '''døž''' laht'' = Parm just went
 *'''''ri''' Parm '''wen''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went
-*'''''fól''' Parm '''ða''' laht'' = Parm went (perfective; cf. AAVE ''She done went'')
+*'''''fól''' Parm '''ðø''' laht'' = Parm went (perfective; cf. AAVE ''She done went'')
-*'''''þąf''' Parm '''ða''' laht'' = Parm will go (perfective)
+*'''''þąf''' Parm '''ðø''' laht'' = Parm will go (perfective)
 *'''''han''' Parm '''bø''' laht'' = Parm went (imperfective)
 *'''''þé''' Parm '''bø'''' laht'' = Parm will go (imperfective)
@@ Line 613: / Line 613: @@
 Serial verbs are very common in Cubrite, it's an extension of how the infinitive construct used to work in Ancient Cubrite (and Biblical Hebrew).
-: Pow Móše ða kaht vðųx maþøn. / Fow Móše ða luð kaht vðųx maþøn.
+: Pow Móše ðø kaht vðųx maþøn. / Fow Móše ðø luð kaht vðųx maþøn.
 : come.PST.3SG.M Moshe FA take.INF open.INF gift / PST.3SG.M Moshe FA come.INF take.INF open.INF gift
 :Moshe came, took, and ate the gift.
@@ Line 658: / Line 658: @@
 ==Example texts==
 ===UDHR, Article 1===
-:{{gentium|'''''Hol plenšil bru'm ða lost bø xor e bø šaw łej hobdas e ðičomatil. Bru'm ða fkud jax rižún e kraleb, e rim bø xett liðalih jaxøm šúv pø nøžóm axwr.'''''}}
+:{{gentium|'''''Hol plenšil bru'm ðø lost bø xor e bø šaw łej hobdas e ðičomatil. Bru'm ðø fkud jax rižún e kraleb, e rim bø xett liðalih jaxøm šúv pø nøžóm axwr.'''''}}
 :[hɔl ˈplɛnʃɪl bɹʊm ðə ˌlɔzd bə ˈɧoː‿ɹ.ə bə ˈʃaw ɴɛj hɔbdas ə ðɪˈtʃɔmatɪl ‖ bɹʊm ðə ˌfkʊd jaɧ ɹɪˈʒɨːn ə kɹaˈlɛb, ə ɹɛm bə ɧɛʔt lɪˈðalɪx ˌjaɧəm ˈʃɨːf pə nəˈʃaom ˈaɧwə]
 :all human/PL-DEF.PL PASS.PRES-3PL be_born PRED free and PRED equal on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL endow with reason and conscience, and PRES.3PL PRES carry behave with one_another LOC spirit brotherhood.
@@ Line 664: / Line 664: @@
 ===Tower of Babel===
-# ''Bar pø þó law þebwas ða súðu xóvas ða dapr e han súðu númas bø lųl.''
+# ''Bar pø þó law þebwas ðø súðu xóvas ðø dapr e han súðu númas bø lųl.''
-# ''Wini pið im bø laht men óstr, flu'm ða vrikk meštaxas Šinłar e ližešib feni.''
+# ''Wini pið im bø laht men óstr, flu'm ðø vrikk meštaxas Šinłar e ližešib feni.''
-# ''Flu'm el šúv mur: "Púlé, púþnu fluð ambínr e latteb vuð im." E fow ambínil low'm til abonr ða lųl, e ørgílas til mawtt.''
+# ''Flu'm el šúv mur: "Púlé, púþnu fluð ambínr e latteb vuð im." E fow ambínil low'm til abonr ðø lųl, e ørgílas til mawtt.''
-# ''Flu'm mur: "Púlé, púþnu benin krir lon nu e piri pøze, jąf ruž se ða ląluð laht šmémas, e nąf nu ða nawž nu dųžim! Oz nąf nu mul ða liðvasir łej þó law þebwas."''
+# ''Flu'm mur: "Púlé, púþnu benin krir lon nu e piri pøze, jąf ruž se ðø ląluð laht šmémas, e nąf nu ðø nawž nu dųžim! Oz nąf nu mul ðø liðvasir łej þó law þebwas."''
-# ''Wini fow Kižas ða rost bu, hę jąf u ða xettném el kriras e pirisr har han plenšil ław benin.''
+# ''Wini fow Kižas ðø rost bu, hę jąf u ðø xettném el kriras e pirisr har han plenšil ław benin.''
-# ''Fow Kižas mur: "Łeðr kalu'm ða laxew fluð suð til xóð ern har bø dapr xóð núm, jé mul mihšul el mędøbr har jú'm bø zúm fluð!''
+# ''Fow Kižas mur: "Łeðr kalu'm ðø laxew fluð suð til xóð ern har bø dapr xóð núm, jé mul mihšul el mędøbr har jú'm bø zúm fluð!''
 # ''"Púlé, púþnu rost laht e bawbil núm im, oz jú'm mul bø lębin núm šúv."''
-# ''E me feni fow Kižas ða vasir im łej þó law þebwas, e flu'm ða lętul benin kriras.''
+# ''E me feni fow Kižas ðø vasir im łej þó law þebwas, e flu'm ðø lętul benin kriras.''
-# ''Me jernas fu ken kriras ða kaht šemas Babel -- feni fow Kižas ða bawbil núm þó law þebwas. Me feni fow Kižas ða vasir im łej þó law þebwas.''
+# ''Me jernas fu ken kriras ðø kaht šemas Babel -- feni fow Kižas ðø bawbil núm þó law þebwas. Me feni fow Kižas ðø vasir im łej þó law þebwas.''
 ===Schleicher's Fable===
@@ Line 686: / Line 686: @@
 *''łeð tub'' [ŋɛθ tub] = have fun
 * ''Ajšr šemas tkej tr/ti [tkew tim]?'' = What's your name?
-*''Kej ni ða šemas [NAME]'' = My name is [NAME].
+*''Kej ni ðø šemas [NAME]'' = My name is [NAME].
 *''Powð i men...'' = I'm from...
 *''Barð i lost pø...'' = I was born in...