Verse:Tdūrzů/Knench: Difference between revisions
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*''kori'' = to die (lit. be called [by God]) | *''kori'' = to die (lit. be called [by God]) | ||
*''simern'' = week | *''simern'' = week | ||
*'' | *''mədbar'' = conference | ||
*Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > ''peþ'' 'daughter'; TibH ''baṫ'') | *Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > ''peþ'' 'daughter'; TibH ''baṫ'') | ||
*''Mén fows ta xett kori?'' = Why did you have to die? | *''Mén fows ta xett kori?'' = Why did you have to die? | ||
===Some sound changes=== | ===Some sound changes=== | ||
*- | *-ə (mainly from ACub ''-ō'') becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it | ||
*non-rhoticity (nonrhoticity has to happen after fem sg ending loss) | *non-rhoticity (nonrhoticity has to happen after fem sg ending loss) | ||
*ħ > x; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > ht | *ħ > x; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > ht | ||
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{{PAGENAME}} has one of the largest vowel inventories of any Semitic language in Lõis (Maltese also has 18 vowels): | {{PAGENAME}} has one of the largest vowel inventories of any Semitic language in Lõis (Maltese also has 18 vowels): | ||
/a e ɪ ɔ ʊ äe iː äo ɨː ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɪɤ̃ ɔ̃ː ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ = {{angbr|a e i o u é í ó ú ą ę į ų ar er ir ur | /a e ɪ ɔ ʊ äe iː äo ɨː ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɪɤ̃ ɔ̃ː ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ = {{angbr|a e i o u é í ó ú ą ę į ų ar er ir ur ə/r}} | ||
/ə ɪ ʊ ɑ̃ː/ are the most common vowels in unstressed syllables. | /ə ɪ ʊ ɑ̃ː/ are the most common vowels in unstressed syllables. | ||
Word-final /ə/ is transcribed as a syllabic ''r'' ('' | Word-final /ə/ is transcribed as a syllabic ''r'' (''ər'' after ''r''), unless it's in a short clitic such as ''pə/p''' where it can be dropped. R-intrusion similar to that in Southern British English occurs after /ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ and before a vowel. | ||
The following is Hrafn Leifsson's classification of Cubrite vowels: | The following is Hrafn Leifsson's classification of Cubrite vowels: | ||
*Schwa: | *Schwa: ə/r | ||
*Short vowels: a e i o u | *Short vowels: a e i o u | ||
*Lengthened vowels: é í ó ú | *Lengthened vowels: é í ó ú | ||
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** ''ablr, ablil'' 'apples, the apples' | ** ''ablr, ablil'' 'apples, the apples' | ||
Words ending in a nasal or R-colored vowel add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix. Words ending in a long vowel add ''- | Words ending in a nasal or R-colored vowel add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix. Words ending in a long vowel add ''-ər''. | ||
* ''pdą'' 'a tree', '' | * ''pdą'' 'a tree', ''pdąrər'' 'trees' | ||
* ''lú'' 'a god', '' | * ''lú'' 'a god', ''lúwər'' 'gods' | ||
Some irregular plurals: ''penš, plenš'' = human | Some irregular plurals: ''penš, plenš'' = human | ||
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*''xadr'' /ɹ̝̊adə/ = a room/space/flat | *''xadr'' /ɹ̝̊adə/ = a room/space/flat | ||
*''xadras'' /ɹ̝̊adrəs/ = the room | *''xadras'' /ɹ̝̊adrəs/ = the room | ||
*'' | *''xadrər'' /ɹ̝̊adrə/ = rooms | ||
*''xadril'' /ɹ̝̊adrɪl/ = the rooms | *''xadril'' /ɹ̝̊adrɪl/ = the rooms | ||
*''xadr kruw'' = a big room | *''xadr kruw'' = a big room | ||
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==== Predicative adjectives ==== | ==== Predicative adjectives ==== | ||
The predicative/adverbial marker '' | The predicative/adverbial marker ''bə'' + bare form is used for predicative adjectives: ''Re xadras bə kruw'' 'The room is big'. | ||
==== Degree ==== | ==== Degree ==== | ||
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* ''ajšr'' = which? | * ''ajšr'' = which? | ||
* ''énr'' = where? | * ''énr'' = where? | ||
* '' | * ''məðé'' = when? | ||
* '' | * ''łəmar'' = why? (*3lē ma 'on what') | ||
** archaic/poetic ''malah'' (*ma lak 'what's the matter') | ** archaic/poetic ''malah'' (*ma lak 'what's the matter') | ||
* ''ham'' = how many? | * ''ham'' = how many? | ||
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The finite forms have become more similar to each other due to analogy. | The finite forms have become more similar to each other due to analogy. | ||
Even verbs with finite forms are defective verbs, since finite forms are always perfective (except forms of ''juð''). To express the imperfective with these verbs, you still have to use the copula + | Even verbs with finite forms are defective verbs, since finite forms are always perfective (except forms of ''juð''). To express the imperfective with these verbs, you still have to use the copula + bə + VN construction. The negator ''lu'' only negates finite verbs. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 750px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 750px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ Inflected verbs in {{PAGENAME}} | |+ Inflected verbs in {{PAGENAME}} | ||
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====Regular pi3el==== | ====Regular pi3el==== | ||
The regular pattern is * | The regular pattern is *ləCaCiC or *ləCiCuC where the middle C is not voiced. | ||
====Regular hif3il==== | ====Regular hif3il==== | ||
The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or * | The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCə. | ||
====Regular hithpa3el==== | ====Regular hithpa3el==== | ||
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The auxiliary ''ri'' comes from ''ruhi'', the imperative of ''rahō'' 'to see'. ''Ri'' is not used in subordinate clauses: | The auxiliary ''ri'' comes from ''ruhi'', the imperative of ''rahō'' 'to see'. ''Ri'' is not used in subordinate clauses: | ||
*''Ri Đavíð þax žin.'' = David is about to sleep. | *''Ri Đavíð þax žin.'' = David is about to sleep. | ||
*''Pið Đavíð þax žin, u dal | *''Pið Đavíð þax žin, u dal bə hapuð uras.'' = When David goes to sleep, he doesn't turn off the lights. | ||
Yes-no questions are marked by a rising intonation, using the focus particle ''=nr'' (cognate to Hebrew נא) after the word/phrase whose truth value is asked about, and dropping ''ri'' in sentences with a nominal subject. In sentences without a specific focused constituent, ''nr'' appears sentence-finally in sentences with no finite verb, and after the finite verb if there is one. | Yes-no questions are marked by a rising intonation, using the focus particle ''=nr'' (cognate to Hebrew נא) after the word/phrase whose truth value is asked about, and dropping ''ri'' in sentences with a nominal subject. In sentences without a specific focused constituent, ''nr'' appears sentence-finally in sentences with no finite verb, and after the finite verb if there is one. | ||
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Finite forms of ''kaht'' 'to take' can be used as an auxiliary meaning 'to go ahead and VERB/to take the liberty to VERB/take the initiative to VERB'. Cubrite-influenced English dialects use ''take'' in a similar way: ''I took to buy spare parts myself, because my department wouldn't give me any.'' | Finite forms of ''kaht'' 'to take' can be used as an auxiliary meaning 'to go ahead and VERB/to take the liberty to VERB/take the initiative to VERB'. Cubrite-influenced English dialects use ''take'' in a similar way: ''I took to buy spare parts myself, because my department wouldn't give me any.'' | ||
To express the passive in the non-perfective tenses, the VN form ''( | To express the passive in the non-perfective tenses, the VN form ''(lə)bur'' of the passive auxiliary is used: ''Ri tawðas bə ləbur vðųx'' 'The door is opened (by someone)'. | ||
The auxiliary ''zum'' for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to: | The auxiliary ''zum'' for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to: | ||
* warn the listener of a future event or contingency: | * warn the listener of a future event or contingency: | ||
** '''''Zum''' sąras | ** '''''Zum''' sąras ðə luð fu hol łeð.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.' | ||
** '''''Zum''' þafkestas dal juð kabų hetteb!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]' | ** '''''Zum''' þafkestas dal juð kabų hetteb!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]' | ||
* often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lah tr dal jedą dar '''zum''' i fluð lah tr!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!' | * often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lah tr dal jedą dar '''zum''' i fluð lah tr!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!' | ||
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Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun. The inflected preposition is stressed unless the emphatic pronoun is used: ''lah tr'' /'lax tə/ 'to you' vs. ''lah tanr'' /lax 'tanə/ 'to you, specifically'. | Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun. The inflected preposition is stressed unless the emphatic pronoun is used: ''lah tr'' /'lax tə/ 'to you' vs. ''lah tanr'' /lax 'tanə/ 'to you, specifically'. | ||
example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: el "for"; | example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: el "for"; pə/p' 'in, at' is inflected similarly | ||
*1sg: li, li ni | *1sg: li, li ni | ||
*2sg.m: lah tr | *2sg.m: lah tr | ||
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*3sg.m: lom u | *3sg.m: lom u | ||
*3sg.f: ló oj | *3sg.f: ló oj | ||
*3sg.n: | *3sg.n: ləze | ||
*1pl. lon nu | *1pl. lon nu | ||
*2pl. lam tim | *2pl. lam tim | ||
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*''jern'' = because of (also "reason") | *''jern'' = because of (also "reason") | ||
*''łaj'' = on, above | *''łaj'' = on, above | ||
*''jax, | *''jax, jaxəm'' = with (both inst. and com.) | ||
*'' | *''pəłé'' = inside, within | ||
**sim. '' | **sim. ''ləłé, məłé'' 'into, out of' | ||
*'' | *''pəlip'' = amidst | ||
*''wen'' = without | *''wen'' = without | ||
*'' | *''məné'' = before, in front of | ||
*''kodm'' = before (temporally) | *''kodm'' = before (temporally) | ||
*''xni'' = after (Hitsi šeni 'second half') | *''xni'' = after (Hitsi šeni 'second half') | ||
*'' | *''məłęl'' = above | ||
*'' | *''məþęl'' = below | ||
*''þaht'' = instead of | *''þaht'' = instead of | ||
*''til'' = like, as | *''til'' = like, as | ||
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The order is tense-subject-verb-object. | The order is tense-subject-verb-object. | ||
:'''''R'ižas | :'''''R'ižas bə hél ablas.''''' | ||
:''The man is eating the apple.'' | :''The man is eating the apple.'' | ||
:'''''Re béð u | :'''''Re béð u bə de kruw til stadi.''''' | ||
:''His house is as big as a stadium.'' | :''His house is as big as a stadium.'' | ||
:'''''Fól oj | :'''''Fól oj ðə fluð xawkkpéð oj bə ro-múxr.''''' | ||
:''She did her homework too late.'' | :''She did her homework too late.'' | ||
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===Faulty accusative=== | ===Faulty accusative=== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative (glossed as FA) particle '' | {{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative (glossed as FA) particle ''ðə'' or ''ð' '', from Ancient Cubrite ''jūδ ha-''. It is actually not used for direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. It also replaces a (TAM-marking) "preposition" in front of a lexical verb, when no preposition is used. | ||
=== Noun phrase === | === Noun phrase === | ||
Y's X = X Y-DEF: ''šem vazilas'' = the king's name | Y's X = X Y-DEF: ''šem vazilas'' = the king's name | ||
To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-as fu'' and ''X-as feni'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''se fu'' and ''se feni'' (where the ''se'' becomes '' | To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-as fu'' and ''X-as feni'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''se fu'' and ''se feni'' (where the ''se'' becomes ''ilə'' in the plural). | ||
''hafu, hafeni'' = like this, like that | ''hafu, hafeni'' = like this, like that | ||
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===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
Cubrite allows arbitrarily long chains of pseudo-auxiliaries: | Cubrite allows arbitrarily long chains of pseudo-auxiliaries: | ||
: '''''Hi | : '''''Hi bə dafkrəl gątt latsękk.''''' | ||
: 3SG.F IPFV never_fail to_do_correctly to_joke | : 3SG.F IPFV never_fail to_do_correctly to_joke | ||
: ''Her jokes never fail to land.'' | : ''Her jokes never fail to land.'' | ||
====VN constructions==== | ====VN constructions==== | ||
Cubrite has a rich tense-aspect system which expresses imperfective/perfective as well as progressive and perfect. | Cubrite has a rich tense-aspect system which expresses imperfective/perfective as well as progressive and perfect. | ||
*'''''ri''' Parm ''' | *'''''ri''' Parm '''bə''' laht'' = Parm goes | ||
*'''''ri''' Parm '''ław''' laht'' = Parm is going | *'''''ri''' Parm '''ław''' laht'' = Parm is going | ||
*'''''ri''' Parm '''þax''' laht'' = Parm is about to go | *'''''ri''' Parm '''þax''' laht'' = Parm is about to go | ||
*'''''ri''' Parm '''xni''' laht'' = Parm has gone | *'''''ri''' Parm '''xni''' laht'' = Parm has gone | ||
*'''''ri''' Parm '''xni juð | *'''''ri''' Parm '''xni juð bə''' laht'' = Parm has been going | ||
*'''''ri''' Parm ''' | *'''''ri''' Parm '''dəž''' laht'' = Parm just went | ||
*'''''ri''' Parm '''wen''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went | *'''''ri''' Parm '''wen''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went | ||
*'''''fól''' Parm ''' | *'''''fól''' Parm '''ðə''' laht'' = Parm went (perfective; cf. AAVE ''She done went'') | ||
*'''''þąf''' Parm ''' | *'''''þąf''' Parm '''ðə''' laht'' = Parm will go (perfective) | ||
*'''''han''' Parm ''' | *'''''han''' Parm '''bə''' laht'' = Parm went (imperfective) | ||
*'''''þé''' Parm ''' | *'''''þé''' Parm '''bə''' laht'' = Parm will go (imperfective) | ||
*''Laht!'' = Go! (number neutral) | *''Laht!'' = Go! (number neutral) | ||
*'''''Kubnu''' laht!'' = Let's go! | *'''''Kubnu''' laht!'' = Let's go! | ||
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Subject of a copula auxiliary: | Subject of a copula auxiliary: | ||
: '''''pahnas haž han __ | : '''''pahnas haž han __ bə gri "pnar"''''' | ||
: the boy who cried (would cry) wolf | : the boy who cried (would cry) wolf | ||
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Direct object: | Direct object: | ||
: '''''levras haž fown nu | : '''''levras haž fown nu ðə gru (se (nr))''''' | ||
: the book that we read | : the book that we read | ||
Oblique object: | Oblique object: | ||
: '''''péðas haž han oj | : '''''péðas haž han oj bə xun pəze (nr)''''' | ||
: the house she used to live in | : the house she used to live in | ||
To relativise the subject of a ''present'' copula, ''łom'' (from hā-3ūmid 'that is standing') is used: | To relativise the subject of a ''present'' copula, ''łom'' (from hā-3ūmid 'that is standing') is used: | ||
: '''''abwas łom | : '''''abwas łom pə xadr i''''' | ||
: the apple in my flat | : the apple in my flat | ||
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Serial verbs are also very common in Cubrite: | Serial verbs are also very common in Cubrite: | ||
: '''''Pow Móšé | : '''''Pow Móšé ðə kaht vðųx maþən u. / Fow Móšé ðə buð kaht vðųx maþən u. ''''' | ||
: come.PST.3SG.M Moshe FA take.INF open.INF gift / PST.3SG.M Moshe FA come.INF take.INF open.INF gift 3SG.M | : come.PST.3SG.M Moshe FA take.INF open.INF gift / PST.3SG.M Moshe FA come.INF take.INF open.INF gift 3SG.M | ||
:Moshe came, took, and opened his gift. | :Moshe came, took, and opened his gift. | ||
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No special treatment is observed unless the wh-word is the subject, in which case ''łom'' is used after the wh-word. However, ''łom'' is not used in a question in the form of a nominal sentence. (As always, ''ri'' is dropped in questions.) | No special treatment is observed unless the wh-word is the subject, in which case ''łom'' is used after the wh-word. However, ''łom'' is not used in a question in the form of a nominal sentence. (As always, ''ri'' is dropped in questions.) | ||
:'''''Dar Petr | :'''''Dar Petr bə fluð?''''' | ||
:''What's Peter doing?'' | :''What's Peter doing?'' | ||
:'''''Dar łom | :'''''Dar łom bə gruð?''''' | ||
:''What's happening?'' | :''What's happening?'' | ||
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:''Where are you?'' | :''Where are you?'' | ||
:'''''Énr fows tr | :'''''Énr fows tr ðə laht?''''' / '''''Énr laws tr?''''' | ||
:''Where have you been?'' | :''Where have you been?'' | ||
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Many words are formed from earlier construct state or verb + object combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable as such: | Many words are formed from earlier construct state or verb + object combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable as such: | ||
*''ambín'' 'brick' from ''*habanē binjan'' 'building stones' | *''ambín'' 'brick' from ''*habanē binjan'' 'building stones' | ||
*'' | *''səvgom'' 'massacre; (slang) debacle, fiasco; a mess' from ''*šafx dam'' 'spilling of blood' | ||
*'' | *''łénəm'' 'source' from ''ʕēn mayim'' 'spring of water' | ||
*''xefin'' 'to like' from ''*śe'θ fin'' lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor' | *''xefin'' 'to like' from ''*śe'θ fin'' lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor' | ||
*''xehném (el)'' 'to look at' from ''*śe'θ 3ēnajim'' 'lift eyes' | *''xehném (el)'' 'to look at' from ''*śe'θ 3ēnajim'' 'lift eyes' | ||
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** ''pnar'' 'wolf' comes from pre-Cubrite *pen harr 'son-of mountain'; a euphemism replacing Ancient Cubrite ''zēb'' | ** ''pnar'' 'wolf' comes from pre-Cubrite *pen harr 'son-of mountain'; a euphemism replacing Ancient Cubrite ''zēb'' | ||
*peδ- = place noun | *peδ- = place noun | ||
* | *pəd-/pl- = associated inanimate, esp. singulative of a collective noun (from peθθ 'daughter') | ||
** ''pdą'' = tree (*pett ja3r) | ** ''pdą'' = tree (*pett ja3r) | ||
** ''pdam'' = wave (*pett jamm) | ** ''pdam'' = wave (*pett jamm) | ||
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** ''pdeš'' = flame | ** ''pdeš'' = flame | ||
** ''pled'' = echo | ** ''pled'' = echo | ||
** '' | ** ''pədner'' = stream | ||
** '' | ** ''pədmattr'' = raindrop | ||
** '' | ** ''pədgašəm'' = (''poetic'') petrichor (''mattr'' is the normal word for 'rain') | ||
*''-l'' = transitivizer or causative of verbs (from a -w ~ -l alternation in some intransitive-transitive verb pairs) | *''-l'' = transitivizer or causative of verbs (from a -w ~ -l alternation in some intransitive-transitive verb pairs) | ||
* -is: -ess (from Celtic) | * -is: -ess (from Celtic) | ||
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** ''męšivis'' 'witch' < ''męšiv'' 'mage, wizard' | ** ''męšivis'' 'witch' < ''męšiv'' 'mage, wizard' | ||
* ''lið-'' = mediopassive | * ''lið-'' = mediopassive | ||
* '' | * ''rə-'' = intensive of verbs | ||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===UDHR, Article 1=== | ===UDHR, Article 1=== | ||
:'''''Bar hol plenšil | :'''''Bar hol plenšil ðə lost bə xurar ej bə šaw łaj hobdas ej šertil. Bru'm ðə fkud jax rižún ej kraleb, ej rim bə xeht liðalih jaxəm šúv pə nəžóm axr.''''' | ||
:[bɑː hɔl ˈplɛnʃɪl ðə ˌlɔzd bə fʷˁʊˈɹɑːɹ ej bə ˈʃaw ʁ̃ʷˁaj hɔbdəs ə ʃɛ:tɪl ‖ bɹʊm ðə ˌfkʊd jafʷˁ ɹɪˈʒɨːn ej kɹaˈlɛb, ej ɹɪm bə fʷˁɛxt lɪˈðalɪx ˌjafʷˁəm ˈʃɨːf pə nəˈʒaom ˈafʷˁə] | :[bɑː hɔl ˈplɛnʃɪl ðə ˌlɔzd bə fʷˁʊˈɹɑːɹ ej bə ˈʃaw ʁ̃ʷˁaj hɔbdəs ə ʃɛ:tɪl ‖ bɹʊm ðə ˌfkʊd jafʷˁ ɹɪˈʒɨːn ej kɹaˈlɛb, ej ɹɪm bə fʷˁɛxt lɪˈðalɪx ˌjafʷˁəm ˈʃɨːf pə nəˈʒaom ˈafʷˁə] | ||
:PASS.PST.3SG.NF all human/PL-DEF.PL be_born PRED free and PRED equal on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL endow with reason and conscience, and PRES.3PL PRES carry behave with one_another LOC spirit brotherhood. | :PASS.PST.3SG.NF all human/PL-DEF.PL be_born PRED free and PRED equal on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL endow with reason and conscience, and PRES.3PL PRES carry behave with one_another LOC spirit brotherhood. | ||
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===Tower of Babel=== | ===Tower of Babel=== | ||
# ''Han | # ''Han pə þó law þebwas ðə súðu ləžunas ej númas bə lųl.'' | ||
# ''Wini pið im | # ''Wini pið im bə laht men óstr, flu'm ð'ęvent meštəxas Šinłar ej ližešib feni.'' | ||
# ''Flu'm el šúv mur: "Púlé, kubnu fluð ambínr ej ladeb vuð im." Ej han ambínil | # ''Flu'm el šúv mur: "Púlé, kubnu fluð ambínr ej ladeb vuð im." Ej han ambínil bə lųl low'm til abonr, ej ərgílas til mawd.'' | ||
# ''Flu'm mur: "Púlé, kubnu benin krir lon nu ej tur | # ''Flu'm mur: "Púlé, kubnu benin krir lon nu ej tur pəze, jąf ruž se ðə ląluð laht šmémas, ej nąf nu ðə nawž nu bə dųžim! Oz nąf nu dal ðə liðvasir łaj þó law þebwas."'' | ||
# ''Wini fow | # ''Wini fow Mənęlas ðə rost bu, hę jąf u ðə xehném el kriras ej turas haž han plenšil ław benin.'' | ||
# ''Fow | # ''Fow Mənęlas mur: "Łeþr kalu'm ðə laxew fluð suð til xóð pobu łom bə dapr xóð núm, jé dal rustr el mędəbr haž jú'm bə zúm fluð!'' | ||
# ''"Púlé, kubnu rost laht ej bawbil núm im, oz jú'm dal | # ''"Púlé, kubnu rost laht ej bawbil núm im, oz jú'm dal bə lębin núm šúv."'' | ||
# ''Ej men feni fow | # ''Ej men feni fow Mənęlas ðə vasir im łaj þó law þebwas, ej flu'm ðə lętul benin kriras.'' | ||
# ''Me jernas fu kaw kriras | # ''Me jernas fu kaw kriras ðə šemas Babel -- fow Mənęlas ðə bawbil feni núm þó law þebwas. Me feni fow Mənęlas ðə vasir im łaj þó law þebwas.'' | ||
===Schleicher's Fable=== | ===Schleicher's Fable=== | ||
| Line 722: | Line 722: | ||
==Phrasebook== | ==Phrasebook== | ||
When three forms are given, the forms are respectively for addressing one man (informally), one woman (informally), and politely/gender-neutrally respectively. | When three forms are given, the forms are respectively for addressing one man (informally), one woman (informally), and politely/gender-neutrally respectively. | ||
*'' | *''Šaləm!'' = Hello! / Goodbye! | ||
* ''Maþin tub!'' = Good morning! | * ''Maþin tub!'' = Good morning! | ||
* ''Xnitsur tub!'' = Good afternoon! | * ''Xnitsur tub!'' = Good afternoon! | ||
| Line 730: | Line 730: | ||
*''Bu dr/di/dim!'' = Welcome! | *''Bu dr/di/dim!'' = Welcome! | ||
*''Praw lah tr/ti [lam tim]!'' = Thank you! | *''Praw lah tr/ti [lam tim]!'' = Thank you! | ||
*'' | *''Imtsəxém tr/ti/tim'' = Please (etym. ''himm jimtsā Hinn ba3ēnēxa'' 'if it finds favor in your eyes') | ||
**also ''plíz'' (from English) | **also ''plíz'' (from English) | ||
*''łeþ tub'' = have fun | *''łeþ tub'' = have fun | ||
* ''Ajšr šemas kaws tr/ti [kawðu tim]?'' = What's your name? | * ''Ajšr šemas kaws tr/ti [kawðu tim]?'' = What's your name? | ||
*''Kawð i | *''Kawð i ðə šemas [NAME].'' = My name is [NAME]. | ||
*''Powð i men...'' = I'm from... | *''Powð i men...'' = I'm from... | ||
*''Barð i lost | *''Barð i lost pə...'' = I was born in... | ||
*''I | *''I bə fu.'' = I'm here. | ||
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | ||