Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions

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===Pronouns===

~~conj~~. pronouns: me t(h)ü șe și șni șîv șîd (3sg epicene is most commonly șîd); t(h)ăr 'impersonal pronoun' (rebracketing)

Ăn Yidiș independent pronouns have three forms (i.e. not counting possessive prefixes and pronominal suffixes on prepositions):

* conjunctive pronouns (the usual form that follows inflected forms of the auxiliary ''bi''): me t(h)ü șe și șni șîv șîd (3sg epicene is most commonly șîd); t(h)ăr 'impersonal pronoun' (rebracketing)

* disjunctive pronouns (most commonly direct objects in independent clauses): me thü e i ni îv îd

* Copular forms: the forms used as copulas and cleft constructions; see the section on the copula

~~disj~~. pronouns: ~~me thü e i ni îv îd~~

All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)üsă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șni, (ș)îvșă, (ș)îdsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tüsă!''/''Îvșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוּסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tüsă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' To emphasize ''șni'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șni itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə'').

emphatic prons: mișă, t(h)üsă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șni, (ș)îvșă, (ș)îdsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tüsă!''/''Îvșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns:

Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c̦ișă, gîni feyn, gîvșă, cusăn''

~~: {{Hebpara|אן אף תּוּסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס.}}~~

~~: ''Ăn af tüsă, Brutus?''~~

~~: Q also 2SG.EMPH B.~~

~~: Et tu, Brute? ([is it] you too, Brutus?)~~

~~To emphasize ''șni'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șni itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə'').~~

~~emphatic~~ suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c̦ișă, gîni feyn, gîvșă, cusăn''

Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מיִשא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין ז׳ע ''ăn giyăm feyn ģe'' 'his very existence').

@@ Line 485: / Line 485: @@
 ===Pronouns===
-conj. pronouns: me t(h)ü șe și șni șîv șîd (3sg epicene is most commonly șîd); t(h)ăr 'impersonal pronoun' (rebracketing)
+Ăn Yidiș independent pronouns have three forms (i.e. not counting possessive prefixes and pronominal suffixes on prepositions):
+* conjunctive pronouns (the usual form that follows inflected forms of the auxiliary ''bi''): me t(h)ü șe și șni șîv șîd (3sg epicene is most commonly șîd); t(h)ăr 'impersonal pronoun' (rebracketing)
+* disjunctive pronouns (most commonly direct objects in independent clauses): me thü e i ni îv îd
+* Copular forms: the forms used as copulas and cleft constructions; see the section on the copula
-disj. pronouns: me thü e i ni îv îd
+All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)üsă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șni, (ș)îvșă, (ș)îdsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tüsă!''/''Îvșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוּסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tüsă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' To emphasize ''șni'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șni itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə'').
-emphatic prons: mișă, t(h)üsă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șni, (ș)îvșă, (ș)îdsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tüsă!''/''Îvșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns:
+Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c&#x326;ișă, gîni feyn, gîvșă, cusăn''
-: {{Hebpara|אן אף תּוּסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס.}}
-: ''Ăn af tüsă, Brutus?''
-: Q also 2SG.EMPH B.
-: Et tu, Brute? ([is it] you too, Brutus?)
-To emphasize ''șni'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șni itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə'').
-emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c&#x326;ișă, gîni feyn, gîvșă, cusăn''
 Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מיִשא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין ז׳ע ''ăn giyăm feyn ģe'' 'his very existence').