Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
m →Todo: with both n and palatal n this might be unnecessary |
m Yeah I think eu is unnecessary (it would have made An Yidish harder to learn for many European or American speakers on Earth anyway) |
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|setting = | |setting = | ||
|nativename =אן ייִדיִש ăn Yidiș | |nativename =אן ייִדיִש ăn Yidiș | ||
|pronunciation = ən ' | |pronunciation = ən 'jɪdɪʃ | ||
|region = Europe; North America | |region = Europe; North America | ||
|states = | |states = | ||
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|script=Hebrew script | |script=Hebrew script | ||
}} | }} | ||
In [[Verse:Apple PIE]], '''Ăn Yidiș''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively אן ייִדיִש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən ' | In [[Verse:Apple PIE]], '''Ăn Yidiș''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively אן ייִדיִש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jɪtɪʃ/ [ən 'jɪdɪʃ], א קֿאָלז׳ (קינ׳י) ''ă Gholģ (giņi)'' /ə 'ɣoldʒ (gɪɲɪ)/ '(our) native language'; in-universe Hebrew: יידיש ''yidiš''; in-universe Standard Irish: ''Gaelainn na nGiúdach'' or ''an Ghiodais'') is the main vernacular of most major Jewish communities in Europe, the British Isles (most of them in Scotland), Canada, the US, and Japan, in-universe called "Gaelic Jews" (''nă Yidith Gelith'') or "Tsarfati Jews" (''nă Țărfosith''). With over 9 million speakers (~70% of them in North America), it is the most spoken Goidelic language in [[Verse:Apple PIE]] and the most spoken Celtic language after [[Galoyseg]]. It evolved from a [[Ăn Yidiș/Proto-Ăn Yidiș|Middle Irish dialect that migrated to Brittany]]. Ăn Yidiș is a possible answer to "What if Yiddish were Goidelic?" and is called "Yiddish" in in-universe English. | ||
On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew and Talmudic Aramaic, but also from [[Azalic]], [[Galoyseg]], [[Thurish]], and [[Hivantish]]. It is the Jewish language with the largest number of native speakers in Apple PIE. Among Judeo-Gaelic speakers, Hebrew (read with the Gaelic Hebrew pronunciation) and English are common second languages; Hebrew and Aramaic knowledge is required for Orthodox Jewish men. | On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew and Talmudic Aramaic, but also from [[Azalic]], [[Galoyseg]], [[Thurish]], and [[Hivantish]]. It is the Jewish language with the largest number of native speakers in Apple PIE. Among Judeo-Gaelic speakers, Hebrew (read with the Gaelic Hebrew pronunciation) and English are common second languages; Hebrew and Aramaic knowledge is required for Orthodox Jewish men. | ||
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Update Hebrew script examples | Update Hebrew script examples | ||
Add ņ in the same places where Gàidhlig has it (slender nn; e.g. | Add ņ in the same places where Gàidhlig has it (slender nn; e.g. madiņ ~ madainn 'morning') | ||
Merge | Merge i and i | ||
Hebrew m-, s-, ș- words should be masculine? Or just get rid of gender, șe/și/ | Hebrew m-, s-, ș- words should be masculine? Or just get rid of gender, șe/și/șin, make mutation lexical like Eevo? | ||
(Modern Secular ĂnY) A minimal set: ''fer'' [fɛɻ] 'man', ''fear'' [feːɻ~feəɻ] 'grass', ''fier'' [fiəɻ] 'to bend', ''fir'' [fɪɻ] 'very', ''fuar'' [fʊəɻ] 'cold' | (Modern Secular ĂnY) A minimal set: ''fer'' [fɛɻ] 'man', ''fear'' [feːɻ~feəɻ] 'grass', ''fier'' [fiəɻ] 'to bend', ''fir'' [fɪɻ] 'very', ''fuar'' [fʊəɻ] 'cold' | ||
șu/ | șu/șin/șud can be used by themselves as pronouns: טע שין ''De șin?'' (< *ciod é sin) 'What's that?' | ||
In "X is-the Y" type sentences ''cu'' 'who' and ''de'' 'what' can be used by itself: ''Cu tüsă?'' 'Who are you? (Identify yourself.)' (expecting an answer that is a definite noun) but to make other '' | In "X is-the Y" type sentences ''cu'' 'who' and ''de'' 'what' can be used by itself: ''Cu tüsă?'' 'Who are you? (Identify yourself.)' (expecting an answer that is a definite noun) but to make other ''iș''-sentences into questions you have to use ''deș'': ''Deș efșăr lum ă zhean izăr?'' 'What can I even do?' | ||
sr' > șr (dial. stŗ or ștŗ) | sr' > șr (dial. stŗ or ștŗ) | ||
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** בּייאל'אך byăłăch 'path' | ** בּייאל'אך byăłăch 'path' | ||
* ann eann ionn onn unn > on jon ien oan uan (same for -ll and -rr) | * ann eann ionn onn unn > on jon ien oan uan (same for -ll and -rr) | ||
* ainn einn inn oinn uinn > eyn eyn in in | * ainn einn inn oinn uinn > eyn eyn in in in | ||
* aidh eidh idh oidh uidh > ay ey i ăy | * aidh eidh idh oidh uidh > ay ey i ăy i | ||
* yü > yi (''Yüd-'' is still used in some dialects) | * yü > yi (''Yüd-'' is still used in some dialects) | ||
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Semantic drifts | Semantic drifts | ||
''To ănd iesg byu ă snov | ''To ănd iesg byu ă snov inș ănd ișģă'' = The living fish swims in the water | ||
Compounds later than Proto-Ăn Yidiș are head-initial | Compounds later than Proto-Ăn Yidiș are head-initial | ||
iș survives as a focus particle: ''iș c̦ertüs, iș c̦ertüs ă orăt o-toaŗ'' 'Justice, justice you must pursue' (צֶדֶק צֶדֶק תִּרְדֹּף) | |||
== History == | == History == | ||
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*ףיאן Fien (Finn) | *ףיאן Fien (Finn) | ||
Vestigial genitive forms of names are still found in surnames, e.g. מאכּ שיאניח mac | Vestigial genitive forms of names are still found in surnames, e.g. מאכּ שיאניח mac Șienith | ||
====Female==== | ====Female==== | ||
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==Phonology of IFDY Ăn Yidiș== | ==Phonology of IFDY Ăn Yidiș== | ||
The following describes the (somewhat artificial) standard, often called ''ăn Căyzon'', promoted by the Research Institute for Ăn Yidiș (אנט איִנסטיִתּוֹט ףיסיִףטאך טאן ייִדיִש ''ănd Insditud | The following describes the (somewhat artificial) standard, often called ''ăn Căyzon'', promoted by the Research Institute for Ăn Yidiș (אנט איִנסטיִתּוֹט ףיסיִףטאך טאן ייִדיִש ''ănd Insditud Fisifdăch dăn Yidiș''; abbreviated to איִףטיִ/IFDY /ifti/). | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
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| '''i''' /ɪ/ | | '''i''' /ɪ/ | ||
| '''ü''' /y/ | | '''ü''' /y/ | ||
| | | | ||
| '''u''' /u~ʊ/ | | '''u''' /u~ʊ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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=== Stress === | === Stress === | ||
Most Hebrew and Aramaic loans are stressed on the second-to-last syllable, like Hebrew loans in Yiddish, but some common Hebrew and Aramaic loans are stressed on the initial or the third-from-last syllable instead. What loans this happens to depends on dialect. In Standard {{PAGENAME}}, antepenultimate stress occurs regularly whenever the third-from-last syllable ends in a geminate consonant: e.g. רבּנים ''rábănim'' '(Orthodox) rabbis' (plural of רב ''rav''), קבּלה ''Gábălă'' 'Kabbalah', and also irregularly, as in חנוכּה '' | Most Hebrew and Aramaic loans are stressed on the second-to-last syllable, like Hebrew loans in Yiddish, but some common Hebrew and Aramaic loans are stressed on the initial or the third-from-last syllable instead. What loans this happens to depends on dialect. In Standard {{PAGENAME}}, antepenultimate stress occurs regularly whenever the third-from-last syllable ends in a geminate consonant: e.g. רבּנים ''rábănim'' '(Orthodox) rabbis' (plural of רב ''rav''), קבּלה ''Gábălă'' 'Kabbalah', and also irregularly, as in חנוכּה ''Chánică'' 'Hanukkah'. | ||
tsere in closed ultimate syllables reduces to | tsere in closed ultimate syllables reduces to i | ||
=== Intonation=== | === Intonation=== | ||
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=== Miscellaneous === | === Miscellaneous === | ||
* ə V > V: (cf. Israeli Hebrew) | * ə V > V: (cf. Israeli Hebrew) | ||
== Mutation == | == Mutation == | ||
Ăn Yidiș has lenition and h-prothesis but no eclipsis. | Ăn Yidiș has lenition and h-prothesis but no eclipsis. | ||
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==== Bohemian Hasidic Ăn Yidiș ==== | ==== Bohemian Hasidic Ăn Yidiș ==== | ||
* NZ-ish chain vowel shift: | * NZ-ish chain vowel shift: | ||
*# / | *# /ɪ/~/i/ > /ə/ > /a/ > /e/ > /ei/ > /ai/ | ||
*# ie, üe, ua > /i y u/; ea, oa > /iə uə/ | *# ie, üe, ua > /i y u/; ea, oa > /iə uə/ | ||
*#* often transcribed "ii üü uu ie ua" | *#* often transcribed "ii üü uu ie ua" | ||
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Mutations and gender have been lost; mutation of nouns is lexical and is based on the form following the definite article in Ăn Căyzon. Hebrew words usually use non-mutated forms. | Mutations and gender have been lost; mutation of nouns is lexical and is based on the form following the definite article in Ăn Căyzon. Hebrew words usually use non-mutated forms. | ||
* ''dășģă'' 'water' < ''ănd | * ''dășģă'' 'water' < ''ănd ișģă'' | ||
* ''cheylăg'' 'woman' < ''ă' chalăg'' | * ''cheylăg'' 'woman' < ''ă' chalăg'' | ||
* ''tăh(y)ănă'' 'tkhine, a form of non-liturgical prayer' < ''ăn tăhină'' | * ''tăh(y)ănă'' 'tkhine, a form of non-liturgical prayer' < ''ăn tăhină'' | ||
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*No /xt/ > /ft/ | *No /xt/ > /ft/ | ||
==== "Ăn | ==== "Ăn Yüdiș" ==== | ||
Conservative Western Yiddish dialect? | Conservative Western Yiddish dialect? | ||
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On the null initial, vowels are spelled as follows (in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words): | On the null initial, vowels are spelled as follows (in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words): | ||
אַ אְ ע עא איִ אי איא אָ אָא אוֹ אוֹא אוּ ''a ă e ea i | אַ אְ ע עא איִ אי איא אָ אָא אוֹ אוֹא אוּ ''a ă e ea i i ie o oa u ua ü'' /a ə e eə i ɪ iə ɔ oə u uə y/ | ||
(For non-null initials the appropriate consonants are used replacing the null-initial aleph if necessary.) | (For non-null initials the appropriate consonants are used replacing the null-initial aleph if necessary.) | ||
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Only the verbal noun, the passive participle, and the imperative survive in most contexts. The imperative is on the way out in modern Ăn Yidiș. | Only the verbal noun, the passive participle, and the imperative survive in most contexts. The imperative is on the way out in modern Ăn Yidiș. | ||
:{{heb|תּאָ מ' א ל'אַסוֹ נרות חנוּכּה.}} | :{{heb|תּאָ מ' א ל'אַסוֹ נרות חנוּכּה.}} | ||
:'''''To m' ă łasu nearăs | :'''''To m' ă łasu nearăs Chanică.''' | ||
:/tom ə 'wasəɣ 'neirəs 'χanıkə/ | :/tom ə 'wasəɣ 'neirəs 'χanıkə/ | ||
:be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah | :be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah | ||
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*''to șe ag yth'' = he eats; he is eating | *''to șe ag yth'' = he eats; he is eating | ||
**'' | **''vil șe...'' = does he...? | ||
**'' | **''chanil șe...'' = he does not... | ||
**'' | **''nachil șe...'' = doesn't he...?/that he does not | ||
**''gu | **''gu vil șe...'' = COMP | ||
**''ă to șe...'' = REL | **''ă to șe...'' = REL | ||
**''mo to șe...'' = if (אַז ''az'' 'then' can be used for the apodosis) | **''mo to șe...'' = if (אַז ''az'' 'then' can be used for the apodosis) | ||
**''mură h- | **''mură h-il șe...'' = if not | ||
**''afílu mo to/mură h- | **''afílu mo to/mură h-il'' = even if | ||
*''to șe nej yth'' = he ate/has eaten | *''to șe nej yth'' = he ate/has eaten | ||
*''bey șe ag yth'' = he will eat | *''bey șe ag yth'' = he will eat | ||
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**''cha rev șe...'' = he was not.../he would not... | **''cha rev șe...'' = he was not.../he would not... | ||
**''nach rev șe...'' = was he not...?/would he not...? | **''nach rev șe...'' = was he not...?/would he not...? | ||
*'' | *''ith!'' = Eat! (2sg) | ||
*'' | *''ithü!'' = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *ithebh) | ||
*''no h- | *''no h-ith(ü)!'' = Don't eat! | ||
===Copula=== | ===Copula=== | ||
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(Both clauses have falling intonation, as in Scottish Gaelic!) | (Both clauses have falling intonation, as in Scottish Gaelic!) | ||
* present affirmative: mișă tüsă șe și șni | * present affirmative: mișă tüsă șe și șni șivșă șid | ||
** also used for "yes" (for a copula sentence) | ** also used for "yes" (for a copula sentence) | ||
* present interrogative: ăn mișă, ăn tüsă, ăn e, ăn i, ăn șni, ăn | * present interrogative: ăn mișă, ăn tüsă, ăn e, ăn i, ăn șni, ăn ivșă, ăn id | ||
* present negative: chamșă, chatsă, chan e, chan i, cha șni, chavșă, chan | * present negative: chamșă, chatsă, chan e, chan i, cha șni, chavșă, chan id | ||
** also used for "no" (for a copula sentence) | ** also used for "no" (for a copula sentence) | ||
* present neg. interrogative: nach + mișă tüsă e i șni | * present neg. interrogative: nach + mișă tüsă e i șni ivșă id | ||
* relative present ''ăș'': ''Deș tel led?'' = What do you like? | * relative present ''ăș'': ''Deș tel led?'' = What do you like? | ||
* past affirmative: bhașă, bhă thüsă, bhe, bhi, bha șni, | * past affirmative: bhașă, bhă thüsă, bhe, bhi, bha șni, bhivșă, bhid | ||
** also used for "yes" (for a copula sentence) | ** also used for "yes" (for a copula sentence) | ||
* past interrogative: ăr + mhișă, thüsă, ve, vi, șni, | * past interrogative: ăr + mhișă, thüsă, ve, vi, șni, ivșă, vid | ||
* past negative: char + mhișă, thüsă, ve, vi, șni, | * past negative: char + mhișă, thüsă, ve, vi, șni, ivșă, vid | ||
** also used for "no" (for a copula sentence) | ** also used for "no" (for a copula sentence) | ||
* past neg. interrogative: nachăr + mhișă, thüsă, ve, vi, șni, | * past neg. interrogative: nachăr + mhișă, thüsă, ve, vi, șni, ivșă, vid | ||
* future uses the ''bey me | * future uses the ''bey me i mă-'' construction | ||
When the predicate is indefinite, the construction "șe PRED ă t' | When the predicate is indefinite, the construction "șe PRED ă t'in (def noun phrase)" is used, where ''șe/și/șid'' inflects according to the above rules: | ||
:כֿאַניל שיִ נעי איח כּעראכּאן-שיִנט, כּי בֿיִ וועגאַן א תּ' אינציִ | :כֿאַניל שיִ נעי איח כּעראכּאן-שיִנט, כּי בֿיִ וועגאַן א תּ' אינציִ | ||
: ''''' | : '''''Chanil și ney ith cerăcăn-Șind, ci bhi vegan ă t' inți.''''' | ||
: ''She did not eat turkeys, because she was a vegan.'' | : ''She did not eat turkeys, because she was a vegan.'' | ||
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Native plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-ăn'', or less commonly | Native plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-ăn'', or less commonly | ||
* umlaut, final palatalization: fer > fiŗ | * umlaut, final palatalization: fer > fiŗ | ||
* -ăch > - | * -ăch > -ith | ||
Hebrew words often form plurals in unstressed ''-im'' /im/ or ''-ăs'' /əs/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural. | Hebrew words often form plurals in unstressed ''-im'' /im/ or ''-ăs'' /əs/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural. | ||
Masculine nouns: | Masculine nouns: | ||
* Nouns beginning with a vowel take אנט ''ănd'': אנט אישז׳א ''ănd | * Nouns beginning with a vowel take אנט ''ănd'': אנט אישז׳א ''ănd ișģă'' = the water | ||
* before a labial except /f v/ אם ''ăm'': אם בּיא ''ăm bia'' = the food | * before a labial except /f v/ אם ''ăm'': אם בּיא ''ăm bia'' = the food | ||
* before a historical liquid (''r ŗ l ł'') or a non-sibilant fricative (fricative except ''ș s''): א ''ă'': א ל'אַח ''ă łath'' = the day, א ר'אָל'תּא ''ă ŗołtă'' = the star | * before a historical liquid (''r ŗ l ł'') or a non-sibilant fricative (fricative except ''ș s''): א ''ă'': א ל'אַח ''ă łath'' = the day, א ר'אָל'תּא ''ă ŗołtă'' = the star | ||
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** אן ''ăn'' otherwise: אן זֿ'על'אך ''ăn ģhełăch'' = the moon, אן אות ''ăn oas'' = the letter (character) | ** אן ''ăn'' otherwise: אן זֿ'על'אך ''ăn ģhełăch'' = the moon, אן אות ''ăn oas'' = the letter (character) | ||
* Words beginning in ''s ș t ț'' don't lenite: אן סוכּה ''ăn sücă'' = the booth | * Words beginning in ''s ș t ț'' don't lenite: אן סוכּה ''ăn sücă'' = the booth | ||
Note: Historical feminine nouns beginning with s-/ș- (except s(stop)-/ș(stop)-) have all become t-/ț- words (except pluralia tantum and s-/d- words) following case loss in Proto-Ăn Yidiș: ''ăn | Note: Historical feminine nouns beginning with s-/ș- (except s(stop)-/ș(stop)-) have all become t-/ț- words (except pluralia tantum and s-/d- words) following case loss in Proto-Ăn Yidiș: ''ăn Taviņ'' 'Halloween' (from ''an tSamhain''). Newer words such as Hebrew loans are not subject to this. | ||
Plural nouns take נא ''nă'' /nə(h)/ | Plural nouns take נא ''nă'' /nə(h)/ | ||
*נא ציש ''nă | *נא ציש ''nă țiș'' = the houses | ||
*נא ל'אַהאן ''nă łathăn'' = the days | *נא ל'אַהאן ''nă łathăn'' = the days | ||
*נא מנאָ ''nă mno'' = the wives | *נא מנאָ ''nă mno'' = the wives | ||
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Adjectives always have ''-ă'' in the plural, except | Adjectives always have ''-ă'' in the plural, except | ||
* the plural of ''-ăch'' is ''- | * the plural of ''-ăch'' is ''-ith'': the plural of ייִדאך ''Yidăch'' 'Jew(ish)' is ייִדיח ''Yidith''. | ||
* the plural of ''-i'' is ''-im'', even in native words: עקניִ, עקנים ''egni, egnim'' 'wise'. | * the plural of ''-i'' is ''-im'', even in native words: עקניִ, עקנים ''egni, egnim'' 'wise'. | ||
* the plural of '' | * the plural of ''ołin'' 'lovely' is ''ołă''. | ||
Forms: | Forms: | ||
*pred: תּאָ מע בּעק ''To me beg.'' = I am short. | *pred: תּאָ מע בּעק ''To me beg.'' = I am short. | ||
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: {{Hebpara|תּאָ אן סטוֹא אַק א כרינא מֿאָראַל'תּא קוֹה ףאַטא, איס ףאָס א לוּפּאכט אתּאָר' א צֿ'ערתּוּת.}} | : {{Hebpara|תּאָ אן סטוֹא אַק א כרינא מֿאָראַל'תּא קוֹה ףאַטא, איס ףאָס א לוּפּאכט אתּאָר' א צֿ'ערתּוּת.}} | ||
: '''''To ăn sdua ag ă chrină mhoráłtă gu fadă, | : '''''To ăn sdua ag ă chrină mhoráłtă gu fadă, is fos ă lüpăchd ătoŗ ă c̦hertüs.''''' | ||
:'' | :''The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends (lit. and yet bending) toward justice.'' | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
Ăn Yidiș independent pronouns have three forms (i.e. not counting possessive prefixes and pronominal suffixes on prepositions): | Ăn Yidiș independent pronouns have three forms (i.e. not counting possessive prefixes and pronominal suffixes on prepositions): | ||
* conjunctive pronouns (the form that follows inflected forms of the auxiliary ''bi''): me t(h)ü șe și șni | * conjunctive pronouns (the form that follows inflected forms of the auxiliary ''bi''): me t(h)ü șe și șni șiv șid (3sg epicene is most commonly șid); t(h)ăr 'impersonal pronoun' (rebracketing) | ||
** ''Vă '''m' ''' ă cadăl.'' 'I was sleeping.' | ** ''Vă '''m' ''' ă cadăl.'' 'I was sleeping.' | ||
* disjunctive pronouns (most commonly direct objects in independent clauses): me thü e i ni | * disjunctive pronouns (most commonly direct objects in independent clauses): me thü e i ni iv id | ||
** ''To șni ăg | ** ''To șni ăg ith băméșăch ăn Hanică '''id'''.'' 'We eat them during Hanukkah.' | ||
* copular pronouns (the forms used as copulas, including in cleft constructions); see the section on the copula | * copular pronouns (the forms used as copulas, including in cleft constructions); see the section on the copula | ||
** '''''Șe''' ăm pŗivrav ăģ ăm bală | ** '''''Șe''' ăm pŗivrav ăģ ăm bală gini e.'' 'He's the chief rabbi of our town.' | ||
All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)üsă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șni, (ș) | All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)üsă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șni, (ș)ivșă, (ș)idsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tüsă!''/''ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוּסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tüsă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' To emphasize ''șni'' 'we' you have to use ''feyn'' after it (șni itself comes from the emphatic form ''*siňə''). | ||
Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c̦ișă, | Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c̦ișă, gini feyn, givșă, cusăn'' | ||
Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מיִשא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין ז׳ע ''ăn giyăm feyn ģe'' 'his very existence'). | Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מיִשא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין ז׳ע ''ăn giyăm feyn ģe'' 'his very existence'). | ||
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* טר׳עבר ''dŗevăr'' = sister | * טר׳עבר ''dŗevăr'' = sister | ||
* ''mac'' = son | * ''mac'' = son | ||
* '' | * ''inin'' = daughter | ||
* ''cłan'' = (one's) children | * ''cłan'' = (one's) children | ||
Body parts: | Body parts: | ||
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===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
*ăģ 'at, of': gum, găd, ģe, c̦i, | *ăģ 'at, of': gum, găd, ģe, c̦i, giņi, giv, cu | ||
** ăģ becomes ăg before a coronal. | ** ăģ becomes ăg before a coronal. | ||
*dă°, d' 'to, for': dum, | *dă°, d' 'to, for': dum, did, do, di, diņi, div, du (d- is deleted after a coronal obstruent) | ||
*ză°, z' 'off, away from': zum, | *ză°, z' 'off, away from': zum, zid, ze, zi, ziņi, ziv, zu | ||
*u h- 'from': uam, uad, ua, uathi, | *u h- 'from': uam, uad, ua, uathi, uaņi, uav, uathu | ||
* | *i(n) 'in': inum, inăd, ołn (spelled אָן), inți, iniņi, iniv, intu [''in'' is used before a vowel] | ||
*ăr° 'on': ărum, ărăd, eŗ, eŗthi, | *ăr° 'on': ărum, ărăd, eŗ, eŗthi, ăriņi, ăriv, orthu | ||
*ăs 'from': asum, asăd, as, ași, | *ăs 'from': asum, asăd, as, ași, asiņi, asiv, asu | ||
*ru° 'before, in front of': ruam, ruad, rev, rempi, | *ru° 'before, in front of': ruam, ruad, rev, rempi, ruņi, ruv, rompu | ||
* | *ŗi(n) 'with': ŗum, ŗed, ŗeș, ŗey, ŗiņi, ŗiv, ŗu | ||
*lă h- 'with, by, for': lum, led, leș, ley, | *lă h- 'with, by, for': lum, led, leș, ley, liņi, liv, lu | ||
*țimpum 'around' suppletes: umum, umăd, em, empi, | *țimpum 'around' suppletes: umum, umăd, em, empi, umiņi, umiv, umpu | ||
*fă° 'under, among': fum, fud, fi, fithi, | *fă° 'under, among': fum, fud, fi, fithi, fuņi, fuv, fithu | ||
*In some dialects, | *In some dialects, izăr 'between': edrum, edrăd, iziŗ, izărthi, edriņi, edriv, izărthu. In the standard language, izăr is most often a pseudo-preposition (i.e. a preposition that can't take pronominal suffixes); the plural forms ''edriņi, edriv, izărthu'' are literary. | ||
** the syntax for "between X and Y" in these dialects may be '' | ** the syntax for "between X and Y" in these dialects may be ''izăr X is izăr Y'' or ''izăr X lă Y'', influenced by Hebrew '' beyn X uveyn Y''/''beyn X le Y'' | ||
====Combinations==== | ====Combinations==== | ||
'' | ''i(n)'' 'in' ''ŗi(n)'' 'with' and ''lă'' before a definite article becomes ''inș, ŗinș, leș'' (from rebracketing of Proto-Celtic *in sind-, like in Scottish Gaelic): | ||
*אינש אן צעך '' | *אינש אן צעך ''inș ăn țech'' 'in the house' | ||
*''To | *''To șid ă fiŗăch inș ă bhelă șo ŗinș nă dină elă'' 'They live in this town with the other people' | ||
''u'' 'from' + ''ăn-/ăm-/ă-'' -> ''un-/um-/u ă-'' | ''u'' 'from' + ''ăn-/ăm-/ă-'' -> ''un-/um-/u ă-'' | ||
'' | ''izăr'' 'between' + ''ăn'' -> ''izărn'' | ||
====Syntax==== | ====Syntax==== | ||
Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: תּאָם ניי ףאָל נאַהּ ףר'עקארצאן אָה מא־מֿאָר' איס אָה מא־בּראָהאר' ''Tom ney fol năh fŗegărțăn oh mă-mhoŗ | Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: תּאָם ניי ףאָל נאַהּ ףר'עקארצאן אָה מא־מֿאָר' איס אָה מא־בּראָהאר' ''Tom ney fol năh fŗegărțăn oh mă-mhoŗ is oh mă-bhrohăŗ'' 'I got the answers from my mother and brother' | ||
=== Pseudo-prepositions === | === Pseudo-prepositions === | ||
Pseudo-prepositions don't take pronominal suffixes, unlike true prepositions; they take either the disjunctive pronoun or a form of ''ăģ'' instead. They also never mutate the following word. | Pseudo-prepositions don't take pronominal suffixes, unlike true prepositions; they take either the disjunctive pronoun or a form of ''ăģ'' instead. They also never mutate the following word. | ||
* | * izăr 'between' | ||
* son 'for the sake of'; "for me' is ''son gum''. | * son 'for the sake of'; "for me' is ''son gum''. | ||
* ătoŗ (''flowery or dialectal'') 'towards' (< ag tóir 'pursuing'); 'towards me' is ''ătoŗ me''. | * ătoŗ (''flowery or dialectal'') 'towards' (< ag tóir 'pursuing'); 'towards me' is ''ătoŗ me''. | ||
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: {{rtl|שי א מֿענין אחד אי, א בּיי קראָ קוֹם די ר'וֹב.}} | : {{rtl|שי א מֿענין אחד אי, א בּיי קראָ קוֹם די ר'וֹב.}} | ||
: '''''Și ă | : '''''Și ă mhenin ehăd i, ă bey gro gum di ŗuv.''''' | ||
: ''She's the only woman who I'll ever love.'' | : ''She's the only woman who I'll ever love.'' | ||
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An Yidiș syntax is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic syntax but somewhat simplified: | An Yidiș syntax is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic syntax but somewhat simplified: | ||
:'''''To Yidi | :'''''To Yidi ină-firăch i sach țiŗăn.''''' | ||
:''Jews live in many countries.'' | :''Jews live in many countries.'' | ||
In transitive sentences, the direct object (if it's a noun) immediately follows the verbal noun: | In transitive sentences, the direct object (if it's a noun) immediately follows the verbal noun: | ||
:'''''To ar năh Yidi ag | :'''''To ar năh Yidi ag fołim ăn Tură coch łath.''''' | ||
:''Jews have to study the Torah every day.'' | :''Jews have to study the Torah every day.'' | ||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
===Translating "be"=== | ===Translating "be"=== | ||
*"PRON is a NOUN": איש כּלה'ק מע '' | *"PRON is a NOUN": איש כּלה'ק מע ''iș calăg ă t' inum'' = I'm a woman | ||
*"X is a NOUN": איש כּלה'ק אי רבקה '' | *"X is a NOUN": איש כּלה'ק אי רבקה ''iș calăg ă t' i Rivgă'' = Rivgă (Rebekah) is a woman | ||
*"1p/2p is the NOUN": מישא אַ מֿענין אז׳ משה ''Mișă ă | *"1p/2p is the NOUN": מישא אַ מֿענין אז׳ משה ''Mișă ă mhenin ăģ Mușă'' = I am Mușă's (Moses') wife | ||
*"3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿענין אגּ משה אי ''Și ă | *"3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿענין אגּ משה אי ''Și ă mhenin ăģ Mușă i'' = She is Mușă's wife | ||
**שי אַ מֿענין אז׳ משה אי רבקה ''Și _ă | **שי אַ מֿענין אז׳ משה אי רבקה ''Și _ă mhenin ăģ Mușă_ i _Rivgă_'' (or ''Și _Rivgă_ i _ă mhenin ăģ Mușă_'') = Rivgă is Mușă's wife | ||
*Predicate adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'': | *Predicate adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'': | ||
**תּאָ רבקה אָרט ''To | **תּאָ רבקה אָרט ''To Rivgă ord'' 'Rivgă is tall' | ||
**תּאָ רבקה אינס אן חדר קאַדאל ''To | **תּאָ רבקה אינס אן חדר קאַדאל ''To Rivgă ins ăn chedăr cadăl'' 'Rivgă is in the bedroom' | ||
===Infinitive phrases=== | ===Infinitive phrases=== | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
*''ă thorț mătonă'' (NB: does not follow Irish!) = to give a gift (''ein Geschenk zu geben'') | *''ă thorț mătonă'' (NB: does not follow Irish!) = to give a gift (''ein Geschenk zu geben'') | ||
*''ă thorț dum e/i/ | *''ă thorț dum e/i/id'' = to give him/her/them to me | ||
===Relative clauses=== | ===Relative clauses=== | ||
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*־ית ''-is'', pl. ־יות ''-iyăs'' or ־יתאן ''-isăn'' 'feminine occupational suffix'; today considered optional or dated for most occupations | *־ית ''-is'', pl. ־יות ''-iyăs'' or ־יתאן ''-isăn'' 'feminine occupational suffix'; today considered optional or dated for most occupations | ||
** not added to nouns in ''-ăch''; you'd use constructions like ''calăg Yidăch'' | ** not added to nouns in ''-ăch''; you'd use constructions like ''calăg Yidăch'' | ||
*''-ăch'', ''- | *''-ăch'', ''-ith'': forms adjectives or "Gentilic nouns" | ||
*''-i'', ''-im'': agentives, adjectives | *''-i'', ''-im'': agentives, adjectives | ||
*''-in'': diminutive | *''-in'': diminutive | ||
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* ''-lăn'' is a diminutive for animates (analyzed from culen 'puppy', cun 'dog') | * ''-lăn'' is a diminutive for animates (analyzed from culen 'puppy', cun 'dog') | ||
* Pairs of ''s-''/''d-'' antonyms (PCel *esu-/*dus-), for example ''sărăchă'' 'bright' and ''dărăchă'' 'dark'. Some non-Irish examples are: | * Pairs of ''s-''/''d-'' antonyms (PCel *esu-/*dus-), for example ''sărăchă'' 'bright' and ''dărăchă'' 'dark'. Some non-Irish examples are: | ||
*# | *# סמאָאס ''smoas'' (pl) 'tears of joy', דמעות ''dmoas'' 'tears (from Hebrew)' | ||
*# | *# שמחה ''simchă'' (f) 'party, celebration (from Hebrew 'joy')', טימכא ''dimchă'' (f) 'mourning, tragedy' | ||
*# טאשז'על' ''Dășģeł'' (m) (obsolete, pejorative) 'Christianity', from MIr ''soiscéul'' 'Gospel' | *# טאשז'על' ''Dășģeł'' (m) (obsolete, pejorative) 'Christianity', from MIr ''soiscéul'' 'Gospel' | ||
* ''-ol'': older verbalizer | * ''-ol'': older verbalizer | ||
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*''Ăléychăm șolăm'' = Hello (in response to ''șolăm aléychăm'') | *''Ăléychăm șolăm'' = Hello (in response to ''șolăm aléychăm'') | ||
*''Słon'' = (informal) Bye | *''Słon'' = (informal) Bye | ||
*''Byonăfd led/ | *''Byonăfd led/liv'' = Thank you (lit. blessing with you) | ||
*''Șe dă-bhethă/văr-bethă'' = No problem (reply to ''Byonăfd led/ | *''Șe dă-bhethă/văr-bethă'' = No problem (reply to ''Byonăfd led/liv'') | ||
*''Folță ruad/ruv'' = Welcome | *''Folță ruad/ruv'' = Welcome | ||
*''C̦ead milă folță'' = A hundred thousand welcomes | *''C̦ead milă folță'' = A hundred thousand welcomes | ||
*''De ănd enim ărăd?'' = What is your name? | *''De ănd enim ărăd?'' = What is your name? | ||
*''Dovid șe ănd enim ărum'' = My name is David | *''Dovid șe ănd enim ărum'' = My name is David | ||
*'' | *''Vil ăn Ozăliș găd/giv?'' = Do you speak English? | ||
*''T' ăn Yidiș gum'' = I speak Ăn Yidiș | *''T' ăn Yidiș gum'' = I speak Ăn Yidiș | ||
*'' | *''Chanil ăn Yidiș gum'' = I can't speak Ăn Yidiș | ||
*'' | *''Chanil m' ă ticșinț'' = I don't understand | ||
*''Ă brin nis melă, | *''Ă brin nis melă, ŗi dă-thel/văr-tel'' = Please speak more slowly | ||
*''Ga mă-leșģeł'' = Excuse me | *''Ga mă-leșģeł'' = Excuse me | ||
*''To m' ăg ieŗi brin | *''To m' ăg ieŗi brin inș ăn Yidiș, ăch chan efșăr lum.'' = I want to speak Ăn Yidiș, but I cannot. | ||
*''Blien mhath bhyoniță'' /bliən vah vjonitsə/ = Happy new year (Rosh Hashanah greeting) | *''Blien mhath bhyoniță'' /bliən vah vjonitsə/ = Happy new year (Rosh Hashanah greeting) | ||
*''[holiday] gorzăch'' = 'Happy [holiday]' (used for most holidays, Jewish or secular): e.g. ''Pesăh gorzăch'' 'Happy Passover' | *''[holiday] gorzăch'' = 'Happy [holiday]' (used for most holidays, Jewish or secular): e.g. ''Pesăh gorzăch'' 'Happy Passover' | ||
*''To gro gum ărăd'' = I love you | *''To gro gum ărăd'' = I love you | ||
** '' | ** ''Vil gro găd ărum?'' = Do you love me? | ||
===Dates and time=== | ===Dates and time=== | ||
====Civil months==== | ====Civil months==== | ||
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* אַפּריִל Apríl | * אַפּריִל Apríl | ||
* מאַי May | * מאַי May | ||
** Poetic: בּיאָל'תּין' | ** Poetic: בּיאָל'תּין' Byołtiņ | ||
* יוֹן Yun | * יוֹן Yun | ||
** Poetic: מעחוֹן Methun | ** Poetic: מעחוֹן Methun | ||
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* אָקתּאָבּאר' Ogtóbăŗ | * אָקתּאָבּאר' Ogtóbăŗ | ||
* נאָוועמבּאר' Novémbăŗ | * נאָוועמבּאר' Novémbăŗ | ||
** Poetic: תּאַבין' | ** Poetic: תּאַבין' Taviņ | ||
* טעצ'עמבּאר' Dec̦émbăŗ | * טעצ'עמבּאר' Dec̦émbăŗ | ||
====Jewish months==== | ====Jewish months==== | ||
E.g. ''T' ă | E.g. ''T' ă Chanică ă tăsăgh i 25 (fișăd 's ă cuģ) Cislimh.'' 'Hanukkah begins on the 25th of Kislev.' | ||
* Nisăn: Nissan | * Nisăn: Nissan | ||
* Ier: Iyar | * Ier: Iyar | ||
* Simhăn: Sivan | * Simhăn: Sivan | ||
* | * Tamiz: Tammuz | ||
* Ov: Av | * Ov: Av | ||
* | * Elil: Elul | ||
* | * Tișri: Tishrei | ||
* (Măr)cheșmhăn: (Mar)cheshvan | * (Măr)cheșmhăn: (Mar)cheshvan | ||
* | * Cislimh: Kislev | ||
* | * Deyvis: Tevet | ||
* Șvod: Shvat | * Șvod: Shvat | ||
* Adăr: Adar | * Adăr: Adar | ||
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*ז'אָל' ''ģoł'' = white | *ז'אָל' ''ģoł'' = white | ||
*טוֹב ''duv'' = black | *טוֹב ''duv'' = black | ||
** synonym: שחור, | ** synonym: שחור, שחורים ''șohăr, șăhurim'' | ||
*זעראק ''zerăg'' = red | *זעראק ''zerăg'' = red | ||
*בּוֹי ''buy'' = yellow | *בּוֹי ''buy'' = yellow | ||
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=== Quotes === | === Quotes === | ||
:{{Heb|כֿאַניל איִס קוֹם כּי-אם קוֹ נאַכיל איס קוֹם כּל.}} | :{{Heb|כֿאַניל איִס קוֹם כּי-אם קוֹ נאַכיל איס קוֹם כּל.}} | ||
:'' | :''Chanil is gum cim gu nachil is gum col.'' | ||
:NEG.COP knowledge at-1SG except COMP NEG.COMP.COP knowledge at-1SG nothing | :NEG.COP knowledge at-1SG except COMP NEG.COMP.COP knowledge at-1SG nothing | ||
: I only know that I know nothing. | : I only know that I know nothing. | ||
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(The word for 'nothing' actually comes from the same source as Scottish Gaelic ''càil'', but is spelled like the Hebrew word כל (Gaelic Hebrew pronunciation ''col'') "every, all" which is used for "any" in negative sentences in Hebrew as well.) | (The word for 'nothing' actually comes from the same source as Scottish Gaelic ''càil'', but is spelled like the Hebrew word כל (Gaelic Hebrew pronunciation ''col'') "every, all" which is used for "any" in negative sentences in Hebrew as well.) | ||
: ''Mură h- | : ''Mură h-il mișă sgoth gumșă feyn, cu ă to sgoth gumșă? Ăch mură h-il me cim sgoth gumșă feyn, de mișă? is mură ăneșu, cin?'' | ||
: If I am not for me, who is for me? But if I am only for myself, what am I? And if not now, when? | : If I am not for me, who is for me? But if I am only for myself, what am I? And if not now, when? | ||
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! 1:1 | ! 1:1 | ||
|| {{Hebpara|נ'עת א תּאָ זיא נעי תּאסאג כּרוֹחוֹ אן נייאַבֿ איס אן תּאַל׳ —}} | || {{Hebpara|נ'עת א תּאָ זיא נעי תּאסאג כּרוֹחוֹ אן נייאַבֿ איס אן תּאַל׳ —}} | ||
||''N'eys ă to Zie ney tăsăgh cruthu ăn nyav | ||''N'eys ă to Zie ney tăsăgh cruthu ăn nyav is ăn tał —'' | ||
|| [nejs ə tʰo tsiə nej ˈtʰəsəɣ ˈkʰrʊhʊ ən njav | || [nejs ə tʰo tsiə nej ˈtʰəsəɣ ˈkʰrʊhʊ ən njav ɪs ən tʰaw] | ||
||''**In [Heb loan] a tá Dia i ndiaidh tosaidh cruthú na neimhe agus na talún —'' | ||''**In [Heb loan] a tá Dia i ndiaidh tosaidh cruthú na neimhe agus na talún —'' | ||
||''When God began creating the heaven and the earth —'' | ||''When God began creating the heaven and the earth —'' | ||
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! 1:2 | ! 1:2 | ||
|| {{Hebpara|בֿ' אן תּאַל׳ קאַן ףֿעראמאָל איס ףאָל׳אב, איס בֿא טאכאטוּס א כּוֹטאך אן תּהוֹם, איס בֿ' אן שבּיראט אק זיא א סנאָב אשז׳יאן נא ח-אישז׳אן —}} | || {{Hebpara|בֿ' אן תּאַל׳ קאַן ףֿעראמאָל איס ףאָל׳אב, איס בֿא טאכאטוּס א כּוֹטאך אן תּהוֹם, איס בֿ' אן שבּיראט אק זיא א סנאָב אשז׳יאן נא ח-אישז׳אן —}} | ||
||''v' ăn tał gan fherămol | ||''v' ăn tał gan fherămol is fołăv, is vă dăchădüs ă cudăch ăn tăhum, is v' ăn șbirăd ăg Zie ă snov ășģien nă h-ișģăn —'' | ||
|| [v‿ən tʰaw gan ˈerəmol | || [v‿ən tʰaw gan ˈerəmol ɪs ˈfowəv, ɪs və ˈtəχədys ə ˈkʰudəχ ən ˈtʰəhum, ɪs v‿ən ˈʃpɪrəd ətʃ tsiə ə snov əʃˈtʃiən nə ˈhɪʃtʃən] | ||
||''**bhí an talamh gan fhoirmeáil agus folamh, agus bhí dorchadas ag [Scottish Gaelic còmhdach] an [Heb loan], agus bhí an spiorad ag Dia ag snámh os cionn na huiscí —'' | ||''**bhí an talamh gan fhoirmeáil agus folamh, agus bhí dorchadas ag [Scottish Gaelic còmhdach] an [Heb loan], agus bhí an spiorad ag Dia ag snámh os cionn na huiscí —'' | ||
||''the earth was unformed (lit. without forming) and empty, and darkness was covering the deep, and the spirit of God was floating above the waters —'' | ||''the earth was unformed (lit. without forming) and empty, and darkness was covering the deep, and the spirit of God was floating above the waters —'' | ||
| Line 816: | Line 817: | ||
! 1:3 | ! 1:3 | ||
|| {{Hebpara|תּאָ זיא נעי ראָ: ”רעב סאָל׳אס נעי בּי אָן!“ איס תּאָ סאָל׳אס נעי בּי אָן.}} | || {{Hebpara|תּאָ זיא נעי ראָ: ”רעב סאָל׳אס נעי בּי אָן!“ איס תּאָ סאָל׳אס נעי בּי אָן.}} | ||
|| ''to Zie ney ro: "Rev sołăs ney bi ołn!" | || ''to Zie ney ro: "Rev sołăs ney bi ołn!" Is to sołăs ney bi ołn.'' | ||
|| [tʰo tsiə nej ro, rev ˈsowəs nej bi own, | || [tʰo tsiə nej ro, rev ˈsowəs nej bi own, ɪs to ˈsowəs nej bi own] | ||
|| ''**tá Dia i ndiaidh rá: "Go raibh solas i ndiaidh bí ann!" Agus tá solas i ndiaidh bí ann.'' | || ''**tá Dia i ndiaidh rá: "Go raibh solas i ndiaidh bí ann!" Agus tá solas i ndiaidh bí ann.'' | ||
|| ''God said: "Let there come to be light!" And there came to be light.'' | || ''God said: "Let there come to be light!" And there came to be light.'' | ||
| Line 823: | Line 824: | ||
! 1:4 | ! 1:4 | ||
|| {{Hebpara|תּאָ זיא נעי ףעץ׳ אן סאָל׳אס, קאר מֿאַח ע; איס תּאָ זיא נעי זעל׳וֹ איזארן סאָל׳אס איס אן טאכאטוּס.}} | || {{Hebpara|תּאָ זיא נעי ףעץ׳ אן סאָל׳אס, קאר מֿאַח ע; איס תּאָ זיא נעי זעל׳וֹ איזארן סאָל׳אס איס אן טאכאטוּס.}} | ||
|| ''To Zie ney fec̦ ăn sołăs, găr mhath e; | || ''To Zie ney fec̦ ăn sołăs, găr mhath e; is to Zie ney zełu izărn sołăs is ăn dăchădüs.'' | ||
|| [tʰo tsiə nej feʰtʃʰ ən ˈsowəs kər vah e; | || [tʰo tsiə nej feʰtʃʰ ən ˈsowəs kər vah e; ɪs tʰo tsiə nej ˈtsewʊ ˈɪdzərn ˈsowəs ɪs ən ˈtəχədys] | ||
|| ''**Tá Dia i ndiaidh feic an tsolais, gur mhaith é; agus tá Dia i ndiaidh dealú idir an tsolais agus an dorchadais.'' | || ''**Tá Dia i ndiaidh feic an tsolais, gur mhaith é; agus tá Dia i ndiaidh dealú idir an tsolais agus an dorchadais.'' | ||
|| ''God saw the light, that it is good; and God separated the light and the darkness.'' | || ''God saw the light, that it is good; and God separated the light and the darkness.'' | ||
| Line 830: | Line 831: | ||
! 1:5 | ! 1:5 | ||
|| {{Hebpara|תּאָ זיא נעי תּאַקאר׳ טען סאָל׳אס ל׳אַח, איס אן טאכאטוּס תּאָ שע נעי תּאַקאר׳ טאָ איישא. איס בֿ' ערב אָן איס בֿא מֿאַטין אָן, ל׳אַח אחד.}} | || {{Hebpara|תּאָ זיא נעי תּאַקאר׳ טען סאָל׳אס ל׳אַח, איס אן טאכאטוּס תּאָ שע נעי תּאַקאר׳ טאָ איישא. איס בֿ' ערב אָן איס בֿא מֿאַטין אָן, ל׳אַח אחד.}} | ||
|| ''To Zie ney tagăŗ den sołăs łath, | || ''To Zie ney tagăŗ den sołăs łath, is ăn dăchădüs to șe ney tagăŗ do eyșă. is v' erăv ołn is vă mhadin ołn, łath ehăd.'' | ||
|| [tʰo tsiə nej ˈtʰakəʒ den ˈsowəs wah, | || [tʰo tsiə nej ˈtʰakəʒ den ˈsowəs wah, ɪs ən ˈtəχətys tʰo ʃe nej ˈtʰakəʒ do ˈejʃə. ɪs v‿ˈerəv own ɪs və ˈvadɪn own, wah ˈehəd] | ||
||''**Tá Dia i ndiaidh tagairt don tsolas lá, agus an dorchadas tá sé i ndiaidh tagairt dó oíche. Agus bhí [Heb loan] ann agus bhí mhaidin ann, lá [Heb loan].'' | ||''**Tá Dia i ndiaidh tagairt don tsolas lá, agus an dorchadas tá sé i ndiaidh tagairt dó oíche. Agus bhí [Heb loan] ann agus bhí mhaidin ann, lá [Heb loan].'' | ||
||''God called the light day, and the darkness, He called it night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day.</center> | ||''God called the light day, and the darkness, He called it night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day.</center> | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== Song of the Sea === | |||
<poem> | |||
Canfa dă Hășéym, | |||
Măr dă-bhuay șe gu głurăvăr! | |||
Dă-chath șe szech dăm miŗ id, | |||
Ănd ech ăgăs ă-mharăcăch. | |||
Șe mă-nert is mă-chufd e Yoh! | |||
Dă-bhi șe ină yășüe dum! | |||
Șu mă-Zhie, is mołfa ă bhŗeghăfd ģe; | |||
Șu Zie mă-șiņșărăn, is ordifa e. | |||
</poem> | |||
===Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)=== | ===Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)=== | ||
| Line 862: | Line 876: | ||
'''''Gină gan c̦hoł''''' (''lă hEdnă Seynt Vinsănt Miley'') | '''''Gină gan c̦hoł''''' (''lă hEdnă Seynt Vinsănt Miley'') | ||
'' | ''Chanil me nichnă leș ăn nilă ăģ [crăyn ăģ ghro] szech inș ăn tał ăg nă gvorăs.'' | ||
''To șe măr șu | ''To șe măr șu is bey șe măr șu, măr vă șe măr șu, u zmanim ru chivnă;'' | ||
''To | ''To șid ă fałăv isțech dăn șul, nă săyăn h-egnim is h-ołă. Ŗi csorăs*'' | ||
''Ăg liliăn | ''Ăg liliăn is ăg łavrișăn ă to șid ă fałăv; ăch chanil me nichnă.'' | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
{{ast}} Poetic license; the usual plural of ''cesăr'' 'crown' is ''csorim''. | {{ast}} Poetic license; the usual plural of ''cesăr'' 'crown' is ''csorim''. | ||