Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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|image = | |image = | ||
|setting = | |setting = | ||
|nativename =אן | |nativename =אן יידיש ăn Yidiș | ||
|pronunciation = ən 'jɪdɪʃ | |pronunciation = ən 'jɪdɪʃ | ||
|region = Europe; North America | |region = Europe; North America | ||
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|script=Hebrew script | |script=Hebrew script | ||
}} | }} | ||
In [[Verse:Apple PIE]], '''Ăn Yidiș''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively אן | In [[Verse:Apple PIE]], '''Ăn Yidiș''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively אן יידיש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jɪtɪʃ/ [ən 'jɪdɪʃ], א קֿאָלז׳ (קינ׳י) ''ă Gholģ (giņi)'' /ə 'ɣoldʒ (gɪɲɪ)/ '(our) native language'; in-universe Hebrew: יידיש ''yidiš''; in-universe Standard Irish: ''Gaelainn na nGiúdach'' or ''an Ghiodais'') is the main vernacular of most major Jewish communities in Europe, the British Isles (most of them in Scotland), Canada, the US, and Japan, in-universe called "Gaelic Jews" (''nă Yidith Gelith'') or "Tsarfati Jews" (''nă Țărfosith''). With over 9 million speakers (~70% of them in North America), it is the most spoken Goidelic language in [[Verse:Apple PIE]] and the most spoken Celtic language after [[Galoyseg]]. It evolved from a [[Ăn Yidiș/Proto-Ăn Yidiș|Middle Irish dialect that migrated to Brittany]]. Ăn Yidiș is a possible answer to "What if Yiddish were Goidelic?" and is called "Yiddish" in in-universe English. | ||
On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew and Talmudic Aramaic, but also from [[Azalic]], [[Galoyseg]], [[Thurish]], and [[Hivantish]]. It is the Jewish language with the largest number of native speakers in Apple PIE. Among Judeo-Gaelic speakers, Hebrew (read with the Gaelic Hebrew pronunciation) and English are common second languages; Hebrew and Aramaic knowledge is required for Orthodox Jewish men. | On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew and Talmudic Aramaic, but also from [[Azalic]], [[Galoyseg]], [[Thurish]], and [[Hivantish]]. It is the Jewish language with the largest number of native speakers in Apple PIE. Among Judeo-Gaelic speakers, Hebrew (read with the Gaelic Hebrew pronunciation) and English are common second languages; Hebrew and Aramaic knowledge is required for Orthodox Jewish men. | ||
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==Phonology of IFDY Ăn Yidiș== | ==Phonology of IFDY Ăn Yidiș== | ||
The following describes the (somewhat artificial) standard, often called ''ăn Căyzon'', promoted by the Research Institute for Ăn Yidiș (אנט | The following describes the (somewhat artificial) standard, often called ''ăn Căyzon'', promoted by the Research Institute for Ăn Yidiș (אנט אינסטיתּוֹט ףיסיףטאך טאן יידיש ''ănd Insditud Fisifdăch dăn Yidiș''; abbreviated to איףטי/IFDY /ifti/). | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
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Notes | Notes | ||
* In careful Ăn Căyzon, ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is a retroflex fricative [ʐ], devoiced after voiceless consonants: סקר'יב ''scŗiv'' [skʂiv] 'to write'. However, in most modern accents it's postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced. | * In careful Ăn Căyzon, ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is a retroflex fricative [ʐ], devoiced after voiceless consonants: סקר'יב ''scŗiv'' [skʂiv] 'to write'. However, in most modern accents it's postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced. | ||
* Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר'עבאר ''dŗevăr'' 'sister' and ג'עבאר ''ģevăr'' 'winter'; תּר' | * Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר'עבאר ''dŗevăr'' 'sister' and ג'עבאר ''ģevăr'' 'winter'; תּר'י ''tŗi'' '3' and צ'י ''c̦i'' 'her (possessive pronoun)'. | ||
* Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin. In Hebrew and Aramaic loans, this aspiration may be retained even after fricatives in careful speech. | * Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin. In Hebrew and Aramaic loans, this aspiration may be retained even after fricatives in careful speech. | ||
* ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/. | * ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/. | ||
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On the null initial, vowels are spelled as follows (in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words): | On the null initial, vowels are spelled as follows (in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words): | ||
אַ אְ ע עא | אַ אְ ע עא אי אי איא אָ אָא אוֹ אוֹא אוּ ''a ă e ea i i ie o oa u ua ü'' /a ə e eə i ɪ iə ɔ oə u uə y/ | ||
(For non-null initials the appropriate consonants are used replacing the null-initial aleph if necessary.) | (For non-null initials the appropriate consonants are used replacing the null-initial aleph if necessary.) | ||
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===Copula=== | ===Copula=== | ||
Due to Hebrew influence, Ăn Yidiș is closer to being zero-copula than Irish is; the copula *iš was fused, dropped or reanalyzed as part of the pronoun in some cases. Unlike in Irish, the copula is just syntactic; it's used for nominal sentences whereas adjunct, adjective and verb predicates use the auxiliary | Due to Hebrew influence, Ăn Yidiș is closer to being zero-copula than Irish is; the copula *iš was fused, dropped or reanalyzed as part of the pronoun in some cases. Unlike in Irish, the copula is just syntactic; it's used for nominal sentences whereas adjunct, adjective and verb predicates use the auxiliary בּי ''bi''. | ||
====Inflection==== | ====Inflection==== | ||
The following forms are used when the predicate is definite. The interrogative forms below also serve as tag questions for copular sentences: | The following forms are used when the predicate is definite. The interrogative forms below also serve as tag questions for copular sentences: | ||
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When the predicate is indefinite, the construction "șe PRED ă t'in (def noun phrase)" is used, where ''șe/și/șied'' inflects according to the above rules: | When the predicate is indefinite, the construction "șe PRED ă t'in (def noun phrase)" is used, where ''șe/și/șied'' inflects according to the above rules: | ||
:כֿאַניל | :כֿאַניל שי נעי איח כּעראכּאן-שינט, כּי בֿי וועגאַן א תּ' אינצי | ||
: '''''Chanel și ney ith cerăcăn-Șind, ci bhi vegan ă t' inți.''''' | : '''''Chanel și ney ith cerăcăn-Șind, ci bhi vegan ă t' inți.''''' | ||
: ''She did not eat turkeys, because she was a vegan.'' | : ''She did not eat turkeys, because she was a vegan.'' | ||
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Adjectives always have ''-ă'' in the plural, except | Adjectives always have ''-ă'' in the plural, except | ||
* the plural of ''-ăch'' is ''-ith'': the plural of | * the plural of ''-ăch'' is ''-ith'': the plural of יידאך ''Yidăch'' 'Jew(ish)' is יידיח ''Yidith''. | ||
* the plural of ''-i'' is ''-im'', even in native words: | * the plural of ''-i'' is ''-im'', even in native words: עקני, עקנים ''egni, egnim'' 'wise'. | ||
* the plural of ''ołin'' 'lovely' is ''ołă''. | * the plural of ''ołin'' 'lovely' is ''ołă''. | ||
Forms: | Forms: | ||
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Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c̦ișă, gini feyn, givșă, cusăn'' | Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c̦ișă, gini feyn, givșă, cusăn'' | ||
Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. | Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מישא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין ז׳ע ''ăn giyăm feyn ģe'' 'his very existence'). | ||
==== Possessive pronouns ==== | ==== Possessive pronouns ==== | ||
For possession, the ''ă levăr gum'' ('my book', lit. 'the book at me') construction is standard for most nouns except family members and body parts where possessive prefixes are used (cf. Revived Hebrew also usually uses הספר שלי ''ha-sefer šeli'' instead of ספרי ''sifri''). Nouns that take possessive prefixes cannot take a definite article and must take a possessive prefix when definite. In addition, ־אַר׳ -aŗ 'father' and ־מאָר׳ -moŗ 'mother' cannot occur as indefinite nouns and obligatorily take possessive prefix forms. | For possession, the ''ă levăr gum'' ('my book', lit. 'the book at me') construction is standard for most nouns except family members and body parts where possessive prefixes are used (cf. Revived Hebrew also usually uses הספר שלי ''ha-sefer šeli'' instead of ספרי ''sifri''). Nouns that take possessive prefixes cannot take a definite article and must take a possessive prefix when definite. In addition, ־אַר׳ -aŗ 'father' and ־מאָר׳ -moŗ 'mother' cannot occur as indefinite nouns and obligatorily take possessive prefix forms. | ||
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There is no true attributive form for "one"; usually the singular form is used in isolation. The Hebrew numeral אחד ''ehăd'' (regardless of gender) may be used after the noun means "just one X" when X is indefinite and "the (one and) only X" when X is definite. | There is no true attributive form for "one"; usually the singular form is used in isolation. The Hebrew numeral אחד ''ehăd'' (regardless of gender) may be used after the noun means "just one X" when X is indefinite and "the (one and) only X" when X is definite. | ||
: {{rtl|מאר | : {{rtl|מאר יידי, תּאָ שני אק עבודה ז-א אחד.}} | ||
: '''''Măr Yidi, to șni ăg ăvudă Z-e ehăd.''''' | : '''''Măr Yidi, to șni ăg ăvudă Z-e ehăd.''''' | ||
: ''As Jews, we worship only one G-d.'' | : ''As Jews, we worship only one G-d.'' | ||
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* (something from Nithish): most productive verbalizer | * (something from Nithish): most productive verbalizer | ||
* Greek y is borrowed as ü | * Greek y is borrowed as ü | ||
* Classical os/us adjectives are borrowed with -ăch: | * Classical os/us adjectives are borrowed with -ăch: מיסאָקוּנאך ''misógünăch'' (misogynos) 'misogynistic'. | ||
* ''-ig'': agentive, borrowed from [[Nithish]] | * ''-ig'': agentive, borrowed from [[Nithish]] | ||
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* ףעבּוֹר' Fébuŗ | * ףעבּוֹר' Fébuŗ | ||
* מאַרץ Marț | * מאַרץ Marț | ||
* | * אַפּריל Apríl | ||
* מאַי May | * מאַי May | ||
** Poetic: בּיאָל'תּין' Byołtiņ | ** Poetic: בּיאָל'תּין' Byołtiņ | ||
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==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
=== Quotes === | === Quotes === | ||
:{{Heb|כֿאַנעל | :{{Heb|כֿאַנעל איס קוֹם כּי-אם קוֹ נאַכעל איס קוֹם כּל.}} | ||
:''Chanel is gum cim gu nachel is gum col.'' | :''Chanel is gum cim gu nachel is gum col.'' | ||
:NEG.COP knowledge at-1SG except COMP NEG.COMP.COP knowledge at-1SG nothing | :NEG.COP knowledge at-1SG except COMP NEG.COMP.COP knowledge at-1SG nothing | ||
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Fully vocalized Ăn Yidiș | Fully vocalized Ăn Yidiș | ||
{{Hebpara|קִינָה קאַן צֿ׳אָל׳ (לאְ ח-עֶדְנָה סעֶיינתּ | {{Hebpara|קִינָה קאַן צֿ׳אָל׳ (לאְ ח-עֶדְנָה סעֶיינתּ ווינסאְנתּ מילעֶיי)}} | ||
{{Hebpara|כֿאַניְל מעֶ נִכְֿנָע לעֶש אְן נעִילָה אְז׳ כּראְיין אְז׳ קֿראָ סזעֶך איְנש אְן תּאַל׳ אְק נאְ קְבָֿרוֹת.}} | {{Hebpara|כֿאַניְל מעֶ נִכְֿנָע לעֶש אְן נעִילָה אְז׳ כּראְיין אְז׳ קֿראָ סזעֶך איְנש אְן תּאַל׳ אְק נאְ קְבָֿרוֹת.}} | ||
{{Hebpara|תּאָ שעֶ מאְר שוֹ איְס בּעֶיי שעֶ מאְר שוֹ, מאְר בֿאְ שעֶ מאְר שוֹ, אוֹ זְמָנִים רוֹ כֿיְבֿנאְ;}} | {{Hebpara|תּאָ שעֶ מאְר שוֹ איְס בּעֶיי שעֶ מאְר שוֹ, מאְר בֿאְ שעֶ מאְר שוֹ, אוֹ זְמָנִים רוֹ כֿיְבֿנאְ;}} | ||
{{Hebpara|תּאָ | {{Hebpara|תּאָ שיאט איְן אְ ףאַל׳אב איְסצעֶך טאְן שאול, נאְ סאְיאְן ח־עֶקנים איְס ח־אל׳אְ. ר׳יְ כְּתָֿרִוֹת}} | ||
{{Hebpara|אְק | {{Hebpara|אְק ליליאְן איְס אְק ל׳אַבֿריְשאְן אְ תּא שיאט אְ ףאַל׳אְב; אַך כֿאַניְל מעֶ נִכְֿנָע.}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||