Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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In [[Verse:Irta|the Irta timeline]], '''Ăn Yidiș''' (natively אן ייִדיש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jɪtɪʃ/ [ən 'jɪdɪʃ], אן אידיש ''ăn Idiș'', or א | In [[Verse:Irta|the Irta timeline]], '''Ăn Yidiș''' (natively אן ייִדיש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jɪtɪʃ/ [ən 'jɪdɪʃ], אן אידיש ''ăn Idiș'', or א קֿאָלק׳ (קינ׳י) ''ă Gholģ (giņi)'' /ə 'ɣoltʃ (kɪɲɪ)/ '(our) native language'; in-universe Hebrew: יידיש ''yidiš''; in-universe Standard Irish: ''Gaelainn na nGiúdach'' or ''an Ghiodais'') is the main vernacular of most major Jewish communities in Europe, Britain, Canada, and the US, in-universe called "Tsarfati (= our France) Jews" (''nă Țărfósith''). With over 13 million speakers, ~70% of whom live in North America, it is the most spoken Celtic language in Irta. Ăn Yidiș is a possible answer to "What if Yiddish were Goidelic?" and is called "Yiddish" in in-universe English. | ||
Among Ăn Yidiș speakers, Hebrew and English are common second languages (religious Jews learn Hebrew). | Among Ăn Yidiș speakers, Hebrew and English are common second languages (religious Jews learn Hebrew). | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Only the verbal noun, the passive participle, and the imperative survive in most contexts. The imperative is on the way out in modern Ăn Yidiș and is being replaced by ă(g) + VN! or ney + VN! which marks aspect but not number, unlike the old imperative. | Only the verbal noun, the passive participle, and the imperative survive in most contexts. The imperative is on the way out in modern Ăn Yidiș and is being replaced by ă(g) + VN! or ney + VN! which marks aspect but not number, unlike the old imperative. | ||
:{{heb|תּאָ מי א ל'אַסאך א כֿאנ'אל' חנוּכּה | :{{heb|תּאָ מי א ל'אַסאך א כֿאנ'אל' חנוּכּה תּאק׳ אנאףט}} | ||
:'''''To mi ă łasăch ă chăņăł Chanică tăģ ănăfd.''' | :'''''To mi ă łasăch ă chăņăł Chanică tăģ ănăfd.''' | ||
:be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN DEF candle Hanukkah of tonight | :be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN DEF candle Hanukkah of tonight | ||
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* The vocative survives only for ''Zie'' 'God': ''ă Zhey (gum/giņi)!'' /əˈjej/, or the fixed expression ''(oy) mă-Zhey!'' 'oh my God'. To call family members, forms such as ''mă-mhoŗ!'' 'my mother!' are used. | * The vocative survives only for ''Zie'' 'God': ''ă Zhey (gum/giņi)!'' /əˈjej/, or the fixed expression ''(oy) mă-Zhey!'' 'oh my God'. To call family members, forms such as ''mă-mhoŗ!'' 'my mother!' are used. | ||
Possession is expressed with the construction ''ăn X ăģ Y'' (lit. the X at Y), for example אן כּאַתּ | Possession is expressed with the construction ''ăn X ăģ Y'' (lit. the X at Y), for example אן כּאַתּ אַק׳ מא־מֿאַכּ ''ăn cat ăģ mă-mhac'' 'my son's cat'. | ||
Concatenation exists but is more derivational, analogous to compounding in English. In native head-initial concatenations, the second element of a compound is treated as an adjective for mutation purposes: | Concatenation exists but is more derivational, analogous to compounding in English. In native head-initial concatenations, the second element of a compound is treated as an adjective for mutation purposes: | ||
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==== Article ==== | ==== Article ==== | ||
Masculine nouns: | Masculine nouns: | ||
* Nouns beginning with a vowel take אנט ''ănd'': אנט | * Nouns beginning with a vowel take אנט ''ănd'': אנט אישק׳א ''ănd ișģă'' = the water | ||
* before a labial (''p b f m v''), אם ''ăm'': | * before a labial (''p b f m v''), אם ''ăm'': | ||
** אם פּתי ''ăm pesi'' 'the fool' | ** אם פּתי ''ăm pesi'' 'the fool' | ||
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Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģesăn, c̦ișă, giņi feyn, givșă, cusăn'' | Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă feyn -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģesăn, c̦ișă, giņi feyn, givșă, cusăn'' | ||
Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מישא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין | Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מישא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין ק׳ע ''ăn giyăm feyn ģe'' 'his very existence'). | ||
==== Possessive pronouns ==== | ==== Possessive pronouns ==== | ||
For possession, the ''ă levăr tam'' construction is standard for most nouns except family members and body parts where possessive prefixes are used (cf. Modern Hebrew also usually uses הספר שלי ''ha-sefer šeli'' instead of ספרי ''sifri''). Nouns that take possessive prefixes cannot take a definite article and must take a possessive prefix when definite. In addition, ־אַר׳ ''-aŗ'' 'father' and ־מאָר׳ ''-moŗ'' 'mother' cannot occur as indefinite nouns and obligatorily take possessive prefix forms. | For possession, the ''ă levăr tam'' construction is standard for most nouns except family members and body parts where possessive prefixes are used (cf. Modern Hebrew also usually uses הספר שלי ''ha-sefer šeli'' instead of ספרי ''sifri''). Nouns that take possessive prefixes cannot take a definite article and must take a possessive prefix when definite. In addition, ־אַר׳ ''-aŗ'' 'father' and ־מאָר׳ ''-moŗ'' 'mother' cannot occur as indefinite nouns and obligatorily take possessive prefix forms. | ||
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* כּאס ''căs'' = leg | * כּאס ''căs'' = leg | ||
* תּראָי ''troy'' = foot | * תּראָי ''troy'' = foot | ||
* | * כּ׳אָן ''c̦on'' = head | ||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
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===Translating "be"=== | ===Translating "be"=== | ||
*"X is a NOUN": שי לשון כֿעלתּאך א תּ אינש אן ייִדיש ''Și loșăn Cheltăch ă t' inș ăn Yidiș'' = Ăn Yidiș is a Celtic language (lit. It's a Celtic language that is in Ăn Yidiș) | *"X is a NOUN": שי לשון כֿעלתּאך א תּ אינש אן ייִדיש ''Și loșăn Cheltăch ă t' inș ăn Yidiș'' = Ăn Yidiș is a Celtic language (lit. It's a Celtic language that is in Ăn Yidiș) | ||
*"1p/2p is the NOUN": מישא א מֿענין | *"1p/2p is the NOUN": מישא א מֿענין אק׳ משה ''Mișă ă mhenin ăģ Mușă'' = I am Mușă's (Moses') wife | ||
*"3p is the NOUN": שי א מֿענין | *"3p is the NOUN": שי א מֿענין אק׳ משה אי ''Și ă mhenin ăģ Mușă i'' = She is Mușă's wife | ||
**שי א מֿענין | **שי א מֿענין אק׳ משה אי רבקה ''Și _ă mhenin ăģ Mușă_ i _Rivgă_'' (or ''Și _Rivgă_ i _ă mhenin ăģ Mușă_'') = Rivgă is Mușă's wife | ||
*Predicate adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'': | *Predicate adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'': | ||
**תּאָ רבקה אָרט ''To Rivgă ord'' 'Rivgă is tall' | **תּאָ רבקה אָרט ''To Rivgă ord'' 'Rivgă is tall' | ||
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*# סמאָאס ''smoas'' (pl) 'tears of joy', דמעות ''dmoas'' 'tears (from Hebrew)' | *# סמאָאס ''smoas'' (pl) 'tears of joy', דמעות ''dmoas'' 'tears (from Hebrew)' | ||
*# שמחה ''simchă'' (f) 'party, celebration (from Hebrew 'joy')', טימכא ''dimchă'' (f) 'mourning, tragedy' | *# שמחה ''simchă'' (f) 'party, celebration (from Hebrew 'joy')', טימכא ''dimchă'' (f) 'mourning, tragedy' | ||
*# | *# טאשק׳על' ''Dășģeł'' (m) (obsolete, pejorative) 'Christianity', from MIr ''soiscéul'' 'Gospel' | ||
* ''-ol'': older verbalizer | * ''-ol'': older verbalizer | ||
* (something from Nithish): most productive verbalizer | * (something from Nithish): most productive verbalizer | ||
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* נאָוועמבּאר' Novémbăŗ | * נאָוועמבּאר' Novémbăŗ | ||
** Poetic: תּאַבין' Taviņ | ** Poetic: תּאַבין' Taviņ | ||
* | * טעכּ׳עמבּאר' Dec̦émbăŗ | ||
====Jewish months==== | ====Jewish months==== | ||
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*Monday: זי־ל'וֹאן ''zi-Łuan'' | *Monday: זי־ל'וֹאן ''zi-Łuan'' | ||
*Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ ''zi-Morț'' | *Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ ''zi-Morț'' | ||
*Wednesday: | *Wednesday: זי־כּ׳עאדין ''zi-C̦eadin'' | ||
*Thursday: זי־זעאראדין ''zi-Zearădin'' | *Thursday: זי־זעאראדין ''zi-Zearădin'' | ||
*Friday: זי־רוֹ־שבּת ''zi-Ru-Șabăs'' | *Friday: זי־רוֹ־שבּת ''zi-Ru-Șabăs'' | ||
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===Colors=== | ===Colors=== | ||
* | *ק׳אָל' ''ģoł'' = white | ||
*שחוֹר, שחוֹרים ''șochur, șăchurim'' = black | *שחוֹר, שחוֹרים ''șochur, șăchurim'' = black | ||
*זעראק ''zerăg'' = red | *זעראק ''zerăg'' = red | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1:2 | ! 1:2 | ||
|| {{rtl|{{Heb|בֿ־אן תּאַל׳ קאַן ףֿעראמאָל איס ףאָל׳אב, איס בֿא טאכאטוּס א כּוֹטאך אן תּהוֹם, איס בֿ־אן שבּיראט אק זיע א סנאָב | || {{rtl|{{Heb|בֿ־אן תּאַל׳ קאַן ףֿעראמאָל איס ףאָל׳אב, איס בֿא טאכאטוּס א כּוֹטאך אן תּהוֹם, איס בֿ־אן שבּיראט אק זיע א סנאָב אשק׳יען נא ה־אישק׳אן —}}}} | ||
||''v' ăn tał gan fherămol is fołăv, is vă dăchădüs ă cudăch ăn tăhum, is v' ăn șbirăd tăg Zie ă snov ășģien nă h-ișģăn —'' | ||''v' ăn tał gan fherămol is fołăv, is vă dăchădüs ă cudăch ăn tăhum, is v' ăn șbirăd tăg Zie ă snov ășģien nă h-ișģăn —'' | ||
|| [v‿ən tʰaw gan ˈerəmol ɪs ˈfowəv, ɪs və ˈtəχədys ə ˈkʰudəχ ən ˈtʰəhum, ɪs v‿ən ˈʃpɪrəd ək tsiə ə snov əʃˈtʃiən nə ˈhɪʃtʃən] | || [v‿ən tʰaw gan ˈerəmol ɪs ˈfowəv, ɪs və ˈtəχədys ə ˈkʰudəχ ən ˈtʰəhum, ɪs v‿ən ˈʃpɪrəd ək tsiə ə snov əʃˈtʃiən nə ˈhɪʃtʃən] | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1:4 | ! 1:4 | ||
|| {{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ זיע נעי | || {{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ זיע נעי ףעך׳ אן סאָל׳אס, קוֹ בֿעל שע מאַהּ; איס תּאָ זיע נעי זעל׳אך איזארן סאָל׳אס איס אן טאכאטוּס.}}}} | ||
|| ''To Zie ney fec̦ ăn sołăș, gu vel șe math; is to Zie ney zełăch izărn sołăs is ăn dăchădüs.'' | || ''To Zie ney fec̦ ăn sołăș, gu vel șe math; is to Zie ney zełăch izărn sołăs is ăn dăchădüs.'' | ||
|| [tʰo tsiə nej fetʃʰ ən ˈsowəs kʊ vel ʃe mah; ɪs tʰo tsiə nej ˈtsewəχ ˈɪdzərn ˈsowəs ɪs ən ˈtəχədys] | || [tʰo tsiə nej fetʃʰ ən ˈsowəs kʊ vel ʃe mah; ɪs tʰo tsiə nej ˈtsewəχ ˈɪdzərn ˈsowəs ɪs ən ˈtəχədys] | ||
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{{rtl|{{Heb|כֿאַניל מעֶ נִכְֿנָע לעֶש אְן נעִילָה | {{rtl|{{Heb|כֿאַניל מעֶ נִכְֿנָע לעֶש אְן נעִילָה אְק׳ כּראְיין אְ ףאַר׳אְףטאְן קֿראָ סזעֶך טאְ נאְ קְבָֿרוֹת.}}}} | ||
{{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ שעֶ מאְר שוֹ איס בּעֶיי שעֶ מאְר שוֹ, מאְר בֿאְ שעֶ מאְר שוֹ, אוֹ זְמָנִים רוֹ כֿיבֿנאְ;}}}} | {{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ שעֶ מאְר שוֹ איס בּעֶיי שעֶ מאְר שוֹ, מאְר בֿאְ שעֶ מאְר שוֹ, אוֹ זְמָנִים רוֹ כֿיבֿנאְ;}}}} | ||
{{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ שיעט אין אְ ףאַל׳אב איסצעֶך טאְן שאול, נאְ סאְיאְן ה־עֶקני איס ה־אל׳אְ. ר׳י כְּתָֿרוֹת}}}} | {{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ שיעט אין אְ ףאַל׳אב איסצעֶך טאְן שאול, נאְ סאְיאְן ה־עֶקני איס ה־אל׳אְ. ר׳י כְּתָֿרוֹת}}}} | ||