Verse:Irta (Old)/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Ăn Yidiș has lost most older infinite verb forms, and obly the verbal noun, the passive participle, and the imperative survive in most contexts. The imperative is on the way out in modern Ăn Yidiș and is being replaced by ă(g) + VN! or ney + VN! which marks aspect but not number, unlike the old imperative. | |||
:{{heb|תּאָ מי א ל'אַסאך א כֿאנ'אל' חנוּכּה תּאק׳ אנאףט}} | :{{heb|תּאָ מי א ל'אַסאך א כֿאנ'אל' חנוּכּה תּאק׳ אנאףט}} | ||
:'''''To mi ă łasăch ă chăņăł Chanică tăģ ănăfd.''' | :'''''To mi ă łasăch ă chăņăł Chanică tăģ ănăfd.''' | ||
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The auxiliary בּי ''bi'' is used with predicates that are verbs, existentials, adjectives and adjuncts. בּי ''bi'' is the imperative and the infinitive form of the auxiliary. | The auxiliary בּי ''bi'' is used with predicates that are verbs, existentials, adjectives and adjuncts. בּי ''bi'' is the imperative and the infinitive form of the auxiliary. | ||
Ăn Yidiș innovated the tense-aspect system (pres, past/conditional, fut, jussive‚ imperative) x (imperfective, perfective) using the form of בּי ''bi'' and the preverbal aspect marker. The auxiliary marks tense and the preposition marks perfectivity: | Ăn Yidiș has innovated the tense-aspect system (pres, past/conditional, fut, jussive‚ imperative) x (imperfective, perfective) using the form of בּי ''bi'' and the preverbal aspect marker. The auxiliary marks tense and the preposition marks perfectivity: | ||
* to ș' ă(g) = present (to becomes t' before a vowel) | * to ș' ă(g) = present (to becomes t' before a vowel) | ||
* to șe | * to șe ņey = past perfective | ||
* vă ș' ă(g) = past imperfective | * vă ș' ă(g) = past imperfective | ||
* vă șe | * vă șe ņey = pluperfect | ||
* bey ș' ă(g) = future imperfective | * bey ș' ă(g) = future imperfective | ||
* bey șe ney = future perfective | * bey șe ney = future perfective | ||
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*''ithăv!'' = Eat! (2pl) | *''ithăv!'' = Eat! (2pl) | ||
*''no h-ith(ăv)!'' = Don't eat! | *''no h-ith(ăv)!'' = Don't eat! | ||
Hebrew verbs are usually borrowed in their verbal noun or participle forms. | |||
===Copula=== | ===Copula=== | ||
Due to Hebrew influence, Ăn Yidiș is closer to being zero-copula than Irish is; the copula *iš was fused, dropped or reanalyzed as part of the pronoun in some cases. Unlike in Irish, the copula is just syntactic; it's used for nominal sentences whereas adjunct, adjective and verb predicates use the auxiliary בּי ''bi''. | Due to Hebrew influence, Ăn Yidiș is closer to being zero-copula than Irish is; the copula *iš was fused, dropped or reanalyzed as part of the pronoun in some cases. Unlike in Irish, the copula is just syntactic; it's used for nominal sentences whereas adjunct, adjective and verb predicates use the auxiliary בּי ''bi''. | ||
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When the predicate is indefinite ("is-a"), the construction "șe PRED ă t'in (def noun phrase)" is used, where ''șe/și/șied'' inflects according to the above rules: | When the predicate is indefinite ("is-a"), the construction "șe PRED ă t'in (def noun phrase)" is used, where ''șe/și/șied'' inflects according to the above rules: | ||
:כֿאַנעל שי | :כֿאַנעל שי נ׳עי איהּ כּעראכּאן-שינט, כּי שע וועגאַן א בֿ' אינצי | ||
: '''''Chanel și | : '''''Chanel și ņey ith cerăcăn-Șind, ci șe vegán ă v' inți.''''' | ||
: ''She did not eat turkeys, because she was a vegan.'' | : ''She did not eat turkeys, because she was a vegan.'' | ||