Knench/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

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* Voiceless stops are usually at least as strongly aspirated as Japanese voiceless stops and at most as strongly as English ones. Voiced stops are fully voiced or partially devoiced.

** preaspiration of postvocalic aspirated stops in coda or before a consonant; in natural speech, ''-t'' weakens all the way to [h] in this environment, as in ''skweatlo'' [ˈskwɛːh(t)ɫʊ~~~ˈskwɛːɬˠːʊ~~] 'light'. Thus some analyze /h/ as a phonemic consonant appearing in clusters such as /hp hl/ and word-finally. However, the 2nd person plural verb ending ''-t'' is always pronounced as [tʰ].

** preaspiration of postvocalic aspirated stops in coda or before a consonant; in natural speech, ''-t'' weakens all the way to [h] in this environment, as in ''skweatlo'' [ˈskwɛːh(t)ɫo~ˈskwɛːɬˠːo] 'light'. Thus some analyze /h/ as a phonemic consonant appearing in clusters such as /hp hl/ and word-finally. However, the 2nd person plural verb ending ''-t'' is always pronounced as [tʰ].

** Word-final ''c'' is never preaspirated.

**Consonant assimilations:

***unaspirated stops voice before or after any voiced sound (vowel, resonant or voiced fricative)

* ''h'' is silent as in Romance languages (when not used in a digraph).

* ''c ch g w ng'' = /kʰ χ k b~β~w ŋ/

**''w'' has many allophones:

*** [w] or [ʍ] when it follows a consonant, according as whether the consonant is aspirated or not: ''skweat'' [skwɛ:h] 'world', ''kweat'' [kʰʍɛ:h] 'flower'.

*** [w] when not before a vowel: e.g. ''staw'' [staw] '(flowery) state, condition', ''o wṡich was'' [ɔwˈʃɪχʍas] 'about all of you'. However, between words it may still be dropped: ''o wṡich was'' [ɔˈʃɪχʍas].

*** [b] word-initially before a vowel and after /n/: ''~~weċer~~'' [ˈbɛtʃʰɪɾ] 'evening~~', ''Anwir'' [ambir] 'Anbir~~'.

*** [b] word-initially before a vowel and after /n/, thus merging with /b/: ''wečer'' [ˈbɛtʃʰɪɾ] 'evening'.

*** When not after a vowel but before a consonant, it becomes [χʷ], [ʍ] or silent: ''~~wċera~~'' /χʷtʃɛrə~ʍtʃɛɾə~tʃɛɾə/ 'yesterday'.

*** When not after a vowel but before a consonant, it becomes [χʷ], [ʍ] or silent: ''wčera'' /χʷtʃɛrə~ʍtʃɛɾə~tʃɛɾə/ 'yesterday'.

***''w'' as [v~f] is a feature of some dialects, which may be transcribed as ''vv'', ''vf'', or ''ff'' in eye dialects.

**{{ast}}/nk/ assimilates to /ŋk/ (cf. Czech).

**Medial ''g'' (when it is not ''ng'') lenites and has complex pronunciation rules, similar to rules for writing the hamza in Arabic. These rules are listed in the order of decreasing priority (i.e. attempt to apply a rule if the conditions for the rules above it are not met):

**#After /j/ or /w/, ''g'' is always silent: ''~~sảg~~'' [saw] 'ledge', ''~~tauga~~'' [tʰœjə] 'honey' (term of affection for spouse; a doublet of ''~~tônga~~'' [~~tʰuəŋə~~] 'desire').

**#After /j/ or /w/, ''g'' is always silent: ''sag'' [saw] 'ledge', ''töga'' [tʰœjə] 'honey' (term of affection for spouse; a doublet of ''tunga'' [tʰuŋə] 'desire').

**#After /r/ or /l/, ''g'' vocalizes to [ʊ] when non-prevocalic, and is pronounced [w] when prevocalic: ''~~dảrga~~'' /~~ˈtawɾwə~~/ 'a road'; ''~~dảrg~~'' /~~ˈtawɾʊ~~/ 'of roads'.

**#After /r/ or /l/, ''g'' vocalizes to [ʊ] when non-prevocalic, and is pronounced [w] when prevocalic: ''darga'' /ˈdarwə/ 'a road'; ''darg'' /ˈdarʊ/ 'of roads'.

**#After other consonants, ''g'' is pronounced /k/ and devoices a preceding fricative: ''mozg'' /mɔsk/ 'brain'.

**#Unstressed ''go'' is pronounced /w/: ''jagoda'' 'berry' = [jawdə].

**#Before the past tense affix ''-l-'', it is silent: ''beagl'' [~~pjɛ~~:ɤ̃ʶ], ''beagla'' ['~~pjɛ~~:ɫə], ''beagli'' ['~~pjɛ~~:lɪ] 'he/she/they ran (ipfv)'.

**#Before the past tense affix ''-l-'', it is silent: ''beagl'' [bjɛ:ɤ̃ʶ], ''beagla'' ['bjɛ:ɫə], ''beagli'' ['bjɛ:l'ɪ] 'he/she/they ran (ipfv)'.

**#After back monophthongs, it is [w] and after front monophthongs, it is [j]. For example: ''rog'' [ɾɔw] 'horn; corner', ''beag'' [~~pjɛːj~~] 'running; race course', ''nogy'' [nɔwɪ] 'legs'.

**#After back monophthongs, it is [w] and after front monophthongs, it is [j]. For example: ''rog'' [ɾɔw] 'horn; corner', ''beag'' [bjɛːj] 'running; race course', ''nogy'' [nɔwɪ] 'legs'.

**#After ''a'' and diphthongs ''~~ê ô~~'':

**#After ''a'' and diphthongs ''ie ů'':

**#*If the ''g'' is not prevocalic or precedes /a ə a:/, it is silent and a preceding /a/ is lengthened to /a:/: ''sarchag'' /saɾəχə/ 'coffin'. In the case of ''ga'', the following schwa /ə/ is dropped as well: ''braga'' [pɾa:] 'yeast'.

**#*If the ''g'' precedes a front unrounded vowel /ɛ ɪ/, it is pronounced /j/: ''bragy'' [pɾajɪ] 'yeast (gen. sg. or nom. pl.)'

**#*If the ''g'' precedes a front rounded vowel /œ ʏ/, it is pronounced /β/: ''sarchagum'' [saɾəχəβʏm] 'coffins (dat. pl.)'

**#*If the ''g'' precedes a back vowel /ɔ ʊ/, it is pronounced /w/: ''brago'' [prawʊ] 'yeast (voc. sg.)'

**#*If the ''g'' precedes an unreduced /a/, then it is pronounced [ʕ]: ''~~prebiêgả~~'' ['pʰɾɛbiəʕa] 'it is in progress'.

**#*If the ''g'' precedes an unreduced /a/, then it is pronounced [ʕ]: ''prebiega'' ['pʰɾɛbiəʕa] 'it is in progress'.

* The letter ''ṙ'' for formerly palatalized /r/ was used inconsistently in Early Modern Albionian and quickly fell out of use. It corresponds to the Czech ''ř'' sound, voiceless /r/ or trilled /r/ in dialects.

* th ð = /θ ð/ in Standard Albionian. Nonstandard accents of Standard Albionian have various realizations for these sounds, such as [f v], [ts dz], slit fricatives or retroflexes: ''se nơth'' 'tonight' [sɨ'nœf~sɨ'nœθ̠~sɨ'nœʂ~sɨ'nœts].

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*Voiced fricatives are not devoiced at ends of words.

'''h q v x ph''' are used in Latin and Greek loanwords; they're pronounced the same as native '''ch cw w cs f'''. For example: ''humanismus, qualita, variant, existowaṫ, philosophia'' [ˈʊmənʲɪsmʏs, ˈkʰwalɪtʰə, ˈbaɾjənt, ˈɛksɪstoʊhtʲ, ˈfɪɫosofɪjə].

'''h c q v x ph''' are used in Latin and Greek loanwords; they're pronounced the same as native '''ch k kw w ks f'''. For example: ''humanismus, calčium, qualita, variant, existowaṫ, philosophia'' [ˈʊmənʲɪsmʏs, kaltSi.ym, ˈkʰwalɪtʰə, ˈbaɾjənt, ˈɛksɪstoʊhtʲ, ˈfɪɫosofɪjə].

====Pleophony====

CVrC, CVlC is pronounced as CVrəC, CVləC; cf. Irish and Russian. e.g. ''smyrt'' 'death' = /ˈsmɪɾəh/, ''galwa'' 'head' = /~~ˈkaɫəβə~~/, ''derwo'' 'tree' = /~~ˈtɛɾəβo~~/, ''welkej'' 'big' = /ˈbɛɫəkʰej/.

CVrC, CVlC is pronounced as CVrəC, CVləC; cf. Irish and Russian. e.g. ''smyrt'' 'death' = /ˈsmɪɾəh/, ''galwa'' 'head' = /ˈgaɫəβə/, ''derwo'' 'tree' = /ˈdɛɾəβo/, ''welkej'' 'big' = /ˈbɛɫəkʰej/.

-w in word-final -rw and -lw is vocalized to [ʏ] and -g in word-final -rg and -lg becomes [ʊ]. For example: ''pozdarw'' [ˈpʰɔzdərʏ] 'greeting; regards (when signing a letter)'; ''dảrg'' /ˈtaːɾʊ/ 'of roads'.

@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
 * Voiceless stops are usually at least as strongly aspirated as Japanese voiceless stops and at most as strongly as English ones. Voiced stops are fully voiced or partially devoiced.
-** preaspiration of postvocalic aspirated stops in coda or before a consonant; in natural speech, ''-t'' weakens all the way to [h] in this environment, as in ''skweatlo'' [ˈskwɛːh(t)ɫʊ~ˈskwɛːɬˠːʊ] 'light'. Thus some analyze /h/ as a phonemic consonant appearing in clusters such as /hp hl/ and word-finally. However, the 2nd person plural verb ending ''-t'' is always pronounced as [tʰ].
+** preaspiration of postvocalic aspirated stops in coda or before a consonant; in natural speech, ''-t'' weakens all the way to [h] in this environment, as in ''skweatlo'' [ˈskwɛːh(t)ɫo~ˈskwɛːɬˠːo] 'light'. Thus some analyze /h/ as a phonemic consonant appearing in clusters such as /hp hl/ and word-finally. However, the 2nd person plural verb ending ''-t'' is always pronounced as [tʰ].
 **  Word-final ''c'' is never preaspirated.
 **Consonant assimilations:
 ***unaspirated stops voice before or after any voiced sound (vowel, resonant or voiced fricative)
 * ''h'' is silent as in Romance languages (when not used in a digraph).
-* ''c ch g w ng'' = /kʰ χ k b~β~w ŋ/
 **''w'' has many allophones:
 *** [w] or [ʍ] when it follows a consonant, according as whether the consonant is aspirated or not: ''skweat'' [skwɛ:h] 'world', ''kweat'' [kʰʍɛ:h] 'flower'.
 *** [w] when not before a vowel: e.g. ''staw'' [staw] '(flowery) state, condition', ''o wṡich was'' [ɔwˈʃɪχʍas] 'about all of you'. However, between words it may still be dropped: ''o wṡich was'' [ɔˈʃɪχʍas].
-*** [b] word-initially before a vowel and after /n/: ''weċer'' [ˈbɛtʃʰɪɾ] 'evening', ''Anwir'' [ambir] 'Anbir'.
+*** [b] word-initially before a vowel and after /n/, thus merging with /b/: ''wečer'' [ˈbɛtʃʰɪɾ] 'evening'.
-*** When not after a vowel but before a consonant, it becomes [χʷ], [ʍ] or silent: ''wċera'' /χʷtʃɛrə~ʍtʃɛɾə~tʃɛɾə/ 'yesterday'.
+*** When not after a vowel but before a consonant, it becomes [χʷ], [ʍ] or silent: ''wčera'' /χʷtʃɛrə~ʍtʃɛɾə~tʃɛɾə/ 'yesterday'.
 ***''w'' as [v~f] is a feature of some dialects, which may be transcribed as ''vv'', ''vf'', or ''ff'' in eye dialects.
 **{{ast}}/nk/ assimilates to /ŋk/ (cf. Czech).
 **Medial ''g'' (when it is not ''ng'') lenites and has complex pronunciation rules, similar to rules for writing the hamza in Arabic. These rules are listed in the order of decreasing priority (i.e. attempt to apply a rule if the conditions for the rules above it are not met):
-**#After /j/ or /w/, ''g'' is always silent: ''sảg'' [saw] 'ledge', ''tauga'' [tʰœjə] 'honey' (term of affection for spouse; a doublet of ''tônga'' [tʰuəŋə] 'desire').
+**#After /j/ or /w/, ''g'' is always silent: ''sag'' [saw] 'ledge', ''töga'' [tʰœjə] 'honey' (term of affection for spouse; a doublet of ''tunga'' [tʰuŋə] 'desire').
-**#After /r/ or /l/, ''g'' vocalizes to [ʊ] when non-prevocalic, and is pronounced [w] when prevocalic: ''dảrga'' /ˈtawɾwə/ 'a road'; ''dảrg'' /ˈtawɾʊ/ 'of roads'.
+**#After /r/ or /l/, ''g'' vocalizes to [ʊ] when non-prevocalic, and is pronounced [w] when prevocalic: ''darga'' /ˈdarwə/ 'a road'; ''darg'' /ˈdarʊ/ 'of roads'.
 **#After other consonants, ''g'' is pronounced /k/ and devoices a preceding fricative: ''mozg'' /mɔsk/ 'brain'.
 **#Unstressed ''go'' is pronounced /w/: ''jagoda'' 'berry' = [jawdə].
-**#Before the past tense affix ''-l-'', it is silent: ''beagl'' [pjɛ:ɤ̃ʶ], ''beagla'' ['pjɛ:ɫə], ''beagli'' ['pjɛ:lɪ] 'he/she/they ran (ipfv)'.
+**#Before the past tense affix ''-l-'', it is silent: ''beagl'' [bjɛ:ɤ̃ʶ], ''beagla'' ['bjɛ:ɫə], ''beagli'' ['bjɛ:l'ɪ] 'he/she/they ran (ipfv)'.
-**#After back monophthongs, it is [w] and after front monophthongs, it is [j]. For example: ''rog'' [ɾɔw] 'horn; corner', ''beag'' [pjɛːj] 'running; race course', ''nogy'' [nɔwɪ] 'legs'.
+**#After back monophthongs, it is [w] and after front monophthongs, it is [j]. For example: ''rog'' [ɾɔw] 'horn; corner', ''beag'' [bjɛːj] 'running; race course', ''nogy'' [nɔwɪ] 'legs'.
-**#After ''a'' and diphthongs ''ê ô'':
+**#After ''a'' and diphthongs ''ie ů'':
 **#*If the ''g'' is not prevocalic or precedes /a ə a:/, it is silent and a preceding /a/ is lengthened to /a:/: ''sarchag'' /saɾəχə/ 'coffin'. In the case of ''ga'', the following schwa /ə/ is dropped as well: ''braga'' [pɾa:] 'yeast'.
 **#*If the ''g'' precedes a front unrounded vowel /ɛ ɪ/, it is pronounced /j/: ''bragy'' [pɾajɪ] 'yeast (gen. sg. or nom. pl.)'
 **#*If the ''g'' precedes a front rounded vowel /œ ʏ/, it is pronounced /β/: ''sarchagum'' [saɾəχəβʏm] 'coffins (dat. pl.)'
 **#*If the ''g'' precedes a back vowel /ɔ ʊ/, it is pronounced /w/: ''brago'' [prawʊ] 'yeast (voc. sg.)'
-**#*If the ''g'' precedes an unreduced /a/, then it is pronounced [ʕ]: ''prebiêgả'' ['pʰɾɛbiəʕa] 'it is in progress'.
+**#*If the ''g'' precedes an unreduced /a/, then it is pronounced [ʕ]: ''prebiega'' ['pʰɾɛbiəʕa] 'it is in progress'.
 * The letter ''ṙ'' for formerly palatalized /r/ was used inconsistently in Early Modern Albionian and quickly fell out of use. It corresponds to the Czech ''ř'' sound, voiceless /r/ or trilled /r/ in dialects.
 * th ð = /θ ð/ in Standard Albionian. Nonstandard accents of Standard Albionian have various realizations for these sounds, such as [f v], [ts dz], slit fricatives or retroflexes: ''se nơth'' 'tonight' [sɨ'nœf~sɨ'nœθ&#800;~sɨ'nœʂ~sɨ'nœts].
@@ Line 122: / Line 121: @@
 *Voiced fricatives are not devoiced at ends of words.
-'''h q v x ph''' are used in Latin and Greek loanwords; they're pronounced the same as native '''ch cw w cs f'''. For example: ''humanismus, qualita, variant, existowaṫ, philosophia'' [ˈʊmənʲɪsmʏs, ˈkʰwalɪtʰə, ˈbaɾjənt, ˈɛksɪstoʊhtʲ, ˈfɪɫosofɪjə].
+'''h c q v x ph''' are used in Latin and Greek loanwords; they're pronounced the same as native '''ch k kw w ks f'''. For example: ''humanismus, calčium, qualita, variant, existowaṫ, philosophia'' [ˈʊmənʲɪsmʏs, kaltSi.ym, ˈkʰwalɪtʰə, ˈbaɾjənt, ˈɛksɪstoʊhtʲ, ˈfɪɫosofɪjə].
 ====Pleophony====
-CVrC, CVlC is pronounced as CVrəC, CVləC; cf. Irish and Russian. e.g. ''smyrt'' 'death' = /ˈsmɪɾəh/, ''galwa'' 'head' = /ˈkaɫəβə/, ''derwo'' 'tree' = /ˈtɛɾəβo/, ''welkej'' 'big' = /ˈbɛɫəkʰej/.
+CVrC, CVlC is pronounced as CVrəC, CVləC; cf. Irish and Russian. e.g. ''smyrt'' 'death' = /ˈsmɪɾəh/, ''galwa'' 'head' = /ˈgaɫəβə/, ''derwo'' 'tree' = /ˈdɛɾəβo/, ''welkej'' 'big' = /ˈbɛɫəkʰej/.
 -w in word-final -rw and -lw is vocalized to [ʏ] and -g in word-final -rg and -lg becomes [ʊ]. For example: ''pozdarw'' [ˈpʰɔzdərʏ] 'greeting; regards (when signing a letter)'; ''dảrg'' /ˈtaːɾʊ/ 'of roads'.