Verse:Mwail/Old Gloob: Difference between revisions

Line 527:

When a demonstrative modifies a noun phrase, the noun modified must be grammatically definite.

The three distance levels of demonstratives each have derived uses in discourse:

*The ''m''-series is used:

**very similarly to English ''this'', as a cataphoric reference, or to highlight new or especially vivid information in general

*The ''ħ''-series is used:

**For general anaphora (things already mentioned in the discourse)

**In dialogue, to refer to things that are only known to the speaker or the listener

**(the pronouns) for anaphoric uses at a focus level intermediate of that of the ''m''-series and the 3rd person pronouns.

*The ''ŧ''-series is used:

**In dialogue, to refer to things that are known by both the speaker and the listener

**For psychologically distant items, places or times

**To express contempt

**As a second-in-line demonstrative, similar to obviation

The demonstrative pronouns can also be used in isolation to refer to people or objects: e.g. ''mé'' 'this man/thing', ''ħī́'' 'that woman near you'.

In highly humble language (roughly equivalent to German ''Ihr''), the "near speaker" and "near hearer" demonstratives are used in epithets for 1st and 2nd person respectively in lieu of grammatical 1st or 2nd person. (e.g. ''clū́dílē má'': "this humble subject", ''áchrē ħá/tīnā́ ħī́/sliévā ħī́'': Your Majesty/Highness; lit. "that king/hand/throne", ''domarvárlē/a̋thmavárlē ħá/ā́thimī́dī ħī́'', "that called one/sanctified one/holiness"; used to address a priest, ''mách/ħách'' generic humble language, used for locative obliques as substitutes for 1st or 2nd person inflected prepositions)

====Reciprocal====

The reciprocal pronoun, "each other", is ''nálnai''. It originated from an adverb that was later reanalyzed as a pronoun.

====Reflexive====

The suffixed forms of hél ('soul, voice'; originally 'neck') are used as independent reflexive pronouns. The third person ones are:

3sg.m.rfl: ''hély''

3sg.f.rfl: ''hélī''

3du.m.rfl: ''hélvār''

3du.f.rfl: ''hélvair''

3pl.m.rfl: ''hélech''

3pl.f.rfl: ''héler''

===Nouns===

Line 1,352:

Line 1,382:

The only difference between the interrogative and existential usage of interrogative words is that the interrogative word or the phrase containing it is fronted.

~~The three distance levels of demonstratives each have derived uses in discourse:~~

*The ''m''-series is used:

**very similarly to English ''this'', as a cataphoric reference, or to highlight new or especially vivid information in general

*The ''ħ''-series is used:

**For general anaphora (things already mentioned in the discourse)

**In dialogue, to refer to things that are only known to the speaker or the listener

**(the pronouns) for anaphoric uses at a focus level intermediate of that of the ''m''-series and the 3rd person pronouns.

*The ''ŧ''-series is used:

**In dialogue, to refer to things that are known by both the speaker and the listener

**For psychologically distant items, places or times

**To express contempt

**As a second-in-line demonstrative, similar to obviation

~~The demonstrative pronouns can also be used in isolation to refer to people or objects: e.g. ''mé'' 'this man/thing', ''ħī́'' 'that woman near you'.~~

In highly humble language (roughly equivalent to German ''Ihr''), the "near speaker" and "near hearer" demonstratives are used in epithets for 1st and 2nd person respectively in lieu of grammatical 1st or 2nd person. (e.g. ''clū́dílē má'': "this humble subject", ''áchrē ħá/tīnā́ ħī́/sliévā ħī́'': Your Majesty/Highness; lit. "that king/hand/throne", ''domarvárlē/a̋thmavárlē ħá/ā́thimī́dī ħī́'', "that called one/sanctified one/holiness"; used to address a priest, ''mách/ħách'' generic humble language, used for locative obliques as substitutes for 1st or 2nd person inflected prepositions)

===Verbs===

@@ Line 527: / Line 527: @@
 When a demonstrative modifies a noun phrase, the noun modified must be grammatically definite.
+The three distance levels of demonstratives each have derived uses in discourse:
+*The ''m''-series is used:
+**very similarly to English ''this'', as a cataphoric reference, or to highlight new or especially vivid information in general
+*The ''ħ''-series is used:
+**For general anaphora (things already mentioned in the discourse)
+**In dialogue, to refer to things that are only known to the speaker or the listener
+**(the pronouns) for anaphoric uses at a focus level intermediate of that of the ''m''-series and the 3rd person pronouns.
+*The ''ŧ''-series is used:
+**In dialogue, to refer to things that are known by both the speaker and the listener
+**For psychologically distant items, places or times
+**To express contempt
+**As a second-in-line demonstrative, similar to obviation
+The demonstrative pronouns can also be used in isolation to refer to people or objects: e.g. ''mé'' 'this man/thing', ''ħī́'' 'that woman near you'.
+In highly humble language (roughly equivalent to German ''Ihr''), the "near speaker" and "near hearer" demonstratives are used in epithets for 1st and 2nd person respectively in lieu of grammatical 1st or 2nd person. (e.g. ''clū́dílē má'': "this humble subject", ''áchrē ħá/tīnā́ ħī́/sliévā ħī́'': Your Majesty/Highness; lit. "that king/hand/throne", ''domarvárlē/a̋thmavárlē ħá/ā́thimī́dī ħī́'', "that called one/sanctified one/holiness"; used to address a priest, ''mách/ħách'' generic humble language, used for locative obliques as substitutes for 1st or 2nd person inflected prepositions)
 ====Reciprocal====
 The reciprocal pronoun, "each other", is ''nálnai''. It originated from an adverb that was later reanalyzed as a pronoun.
+====Reflexive====
+The suffixed forms of hél ('soul, voice'; originally 'neck') are used as independent reflexive pronouns. The third person ones are:
+sg.m.rfl: ''hély''<br/>
+sg.f.rfl: ''hélī''<br/>
+du.m.rfl: ''hélvār''<br/>
+du.f.rfl: ''hélvair''<br/>
+pl.m.rfl: ''hélech''<br/>
+pl.f.rfl: ''héler''<br/>
 ===Nouns===
@@ Line 1,352: / Line 1,382: @@
 The only difference between the interrogative and existential usage of interrogative words is that the interrogative word or the phrase containing it is fronted.
-The three distance levels of demonstratives each have derived uses in discourse:
-*The ''m''-series is used:
-**very similarly to English ''this'', as a cataphoric reference, or to highlight new or especially vivid information in general
-*The ''ħ''-series is used:
-**For general anaphora (things already mentioned in the discourse)
-**In dialogue, to refer to things that are only known to the speaker or the listener
-**(the pronouns) for anaphoric uses at a focus level intermediate of that of the ''m''-series and the 3rd person pronouns.
-*The ''ŧ''-series is used:
-**In dialogue, to refer to things that are known by both the speaker and the listener
-**For psychologically distant items, places or times
-**To express contempt
-**As a second-in-line demonstrative, similar to obviation
-The demonstrative pronouns can also be used in isolation to refer to people or objects: e.g. ''mé'' 'this man/thing', ''ħī́'' 'that woman near you'.
-In highly humble language (roughly equivalent to German ''Ihr''), the "near speaker" and "near hearer" demonstratives are used in epithets for 1st and 2nd person respectively in lieu of grammatical 1st or 2nd person. (e.g. ''clū́dílē má'': "this humble subject", ''áchrē ħá/tīnā́ ħī́/sliévā ħī́'': Your Majesty/Highness; lit. "that king/hand/throne", ''domarvárlē/a̋thmavárlē ħá/ā́thimī́dī ħī́'', "that called one/sanctified one/holiness"; used to address a priest, ''mách/ħách'' generic humble language, used for locative obliques as substitutes for 1st or 2nd person inflected prepositions)
 ===Verbs===