Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
mNo edit summary |
|||
| Line 181: | Line 181: | ||
* Initial ''n'' is dental; initial ''l'' is alveolar. Otherwise ''n l'' are alveolar unless they assimilate (e.g. in the case of n before ''t d s'') or retroflex (when following ''r''). | * Initial ''n'' is dental; initial ''l'' is alveolar. Otherwise ''n l'' are alveolar unless they assimilate (e.g. in the case of n before ''t d s'') or retroflex (when following ''r''). | ||
* /t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ ʃ ʒ/ may be alveolopalatal [t͡ɕ t͡ɕʰ ɕ ʑ]. | * /t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ ʃ ʒ/ may be alveolopalatal [t͡ɕ t͡ɕʰ ɕ ʑ]. | ||
* ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (not velarized or pharyngealized, so more like Hiberno-English r than American r). The sequences /rn rl rtʰ rt⁼ rt͡sʰ rt͡s⁼ rs/ are realized as retroflex [ɳ ʈʰ ʈ⁼ ʈ͡ʂʰ ʈ͡ʂ ʂ], even across word boundaries: | * ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (not velarized or pharyngealized, so more like Hiberno-English r than American r). The sequences /rn rl rtʰ rt⁼ rt͡sʰ rt͡s⁼ rs/ are realized as retroflex [ɳ ʈʰ ʈ⁼ ʈ͡ʂʰ ʈ͡ʂ ʂ], even across word boundaries: נאך אפֿשר לעט ''năch efșăr led'' [nəχ efʃə ɭet] 'can't you?' It may also be a retracted alveolar flap [ɾ̠] or trill [r̠]. | ||
* In most modern accents ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced. It is pronounced as Czech ''ř'' (devoiced after voiceless fricatives and aspirated stops) in conservative dialects and merges with ''ș'' or becomes a sound similar to Spanish ''y'' in ''yendo'' in some dialects. | * In most modern accents ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced. It is pronounced as Czech ''ř'' (devoiced after voiceless fricatives and aspirated stops) in conservative dialects and merges with ''ș'' or becomes a sound similar to Spanish ''y'' in ''yendo'' in some dialects. | ||
* Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר׳עבאר ''dŗevăr'' /tʃevər/ 'sister' and זשעבאר ''ģevăr'' /t͡ʃevər/ 'winter'; תּר׳י ''tŗi'' /tʰʃɪ/ '3' and צשי ''c̦i'' /t͡ʃʰɪ/ 'at her'. | * Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר׳עבאר ''dŗevăr'' /tʃevər/ 'sister' and זשעבאר ''ģevăr'' /t͡ʃevər/ 'winter'; תּר׳י ''tŗi'' /tʰʃɪ/ '3' and צשי ''c̦i'' /t͡ʃʰɪ/ 'at her'. | ||
| Line 426: | Line 426: | ||
** pres. interr. ''vel e...'' = does he...? | ** pres. interr. ''vel e...'' = does he...? | ||
** pres. neg. ''chnel e...'' = he does not... | ** pres. neg. ''chnel e...'' = he does not... | ||
** pres. neg. interr. '' | ** pres. neg. interr. ''năch el e...'' = doesn't he...? | ||
*** Negative interrogatives are also used to say that something is an obvious fact or to express surprise, like in both Scottish Gaelic and Hebrew. | *** Negative interrogatives are also used to say that something is an obvious fact or to express surprise, like in both Scottish Gaelic and Hebrew. | ||
** pres. comp. ''gu vel/gvel e...'' = (says/believes/hopes...) that he... | ** pres. comp. ''gu vel/gvel e...'' = (says/believes/hopes...) that he... | ||
** pres. comp. neg. ''gu | ** pres. comp. neg. ''gu năch el e...'' = (says/believes/hopes...) that he does not/did not... | ||
** pres. rel. (head != subject) ''o h-e...'' = that he... (אַ ''a'' triggers h-prothesis, it's from ''*āh'' < ''*a tha'') | ** pres. rel. (head != subject) ''o h-e...'' = that he... (אַ ''a'' triggers h-prothesis, it's from ''*āh'' < ''*a tha'') | ||
** pres. rel. (head == subject) ''o h-...'' = that is... | ** pres. rel. (head == subject) ''o h-...'' = that is... | ||
** pres. rel. neg. (head != subject) ''ă | ** pres. rel. neg. (head != subject) ''ă năch el e...'' = that is not... | ||
** pres. rel. neg. (head == subject) ''ă | ** pres. rel. neg. (head == subject) ''ă năch el ...'' = that he does not... | ||
** real cond. ''mă t' e...'' = if he... | ** real cond. ''mă t' e...'' = if he... | ||
** real cond. neg. ''mă | ** real cond. neg. ''mă năch el e...'' if he doesn't... | ||
** ireal conditional: ''năm b'e'' | ** ireal conditional: ''năm b'e'' | ||
** irreral cond. neg. ''năn | ** irreral cond. neg. ''năn năch rǎv e...'' | ||
*Future: ''bey e ăg ih'' = he will eat | *Future: ''bey e ăg ih'' = he will eat | ||
**''ăm bi șe...'' = will he...? | **''ăm bi șe...'' = will he...? | ||
**''chă bhi șe...'' = he will not... | **''chă bhi șe...'' = he will not... | ||
**'' | **''năch bi șe...'' = won't he...? | ||
**''ă/gum bis șe...'' = REL/COMP he will... | **''ă/gum bis șe...'' = REL/COMP he will... | ||
*Past: ''v'e ăg ih'' = he was eating/he would eat | *Past: ''v'e ăg ih'' = he was eating/he would eat | ||
**''ă răv e...'' = was he...?/would he? | **''ă răv e...'' = was he...?/would he? | ||
**''chă răv e...'' = he was not.../he would not... | **''chă răv e...'' = he was not.../he would not... | ||
**'' | **''năch răv e...'' = was he not...?/would he not...? | ||
***''gu răv e''' = COMP he was | ***''gu răv e''' = COMP he was | ||
* "if": ''mă to'' (pres aff), ''mă | * "if": ''mă to'' (pres aff), ''mă năch el'' (pres neg), ''mă vă'' (past aff), ''mă năch răv'' (past neg), ''mă bis'' (fut aff), ''mă nach bis'' (fut neg) | ||
**''afíli mă to/mă | **''afíli mă to/mă năch'' = even if | ||
** דאָז ''doz'' 'then' can be used for the apodosis. | ** דאָז ''doz'' 'then' can be used for the apodosis. | ||
*''ih!'' = Eat! (2sg) | *''ih!'' = Eat! (2sg) | ||
| Line 474: | Line 474: | ||
* present negative: chamșă, chadsă, chan e, chan i, cha șņi, chavșă, chan ied | * present negative: chamșă, chadsă, chan e, chan i, cha șņi, chavșă, chan ied | ||
** also used for "no" (for a copula sentence) | ** also used for "no" (for a copula sentence) | ||
* present neg. interrogative: | * present neg. interrogative: năch + mișă tusă e i șņi ivșă ied | ||
* past affirmative: bă mhișă, bă thusă, b'e, b'i, bă șņi, b'ivșă, b'ied | * past affirmative: bă mhișă, bă thusă, b'e, b'i, bă șņi, b'ivșă, b'ied | ||
** also used for "yes" (for a copula sentence) | ** also used for "yes" (for a copula sentence) | ||
| Line 480: | Line 480: | ||
* past negative: cha(m) bă mhișă, etc. | * past negative: cha(m) bă mhișă, etc. | ||
** also used for "no" (for a copula sentence) | ** also used for "no" (for a copula sentence) | ||
* past neg. interrogative: | * past neg. interrogative: năch + past aff. | ||
* future uses ''bey e măr'' + complementizer present copula | * future uses ''bey e măr'' + complementizer present copula | ||
* real "if" pres: ''măș, mă | * real "if" pres: ''măș, mă năch'' (rather than a cognate of Irish ''mura'') | ||
* real "if" past: ''mă bă, mă | * real "if" past: ''mă bă, mă năch bă'' | ||
* irreal "if": ''năm bă, năn | * irreal "if": ''năm bă, năn năch bă'' | ||
* relative present aff. אש ''ăș'', rel. pres. neg. א | * relative present aff. אש ''ăș'', rel. pres. neg. א נאך ''ă năch'' | ||
* complementizer pres. aff. קוֹן ''gun'', pres. neg. קוֹ | * complementizer pres. aff. קוֹן ''gun'', pres. neg. קוֹ נאך ''gu năch'' | ||
When the predicate is indefinite ("is-a"), the construction "șe PRED ă t'in (def noun phrase)" is used, where ''șe/și/șied'' inflects according to the above rules: | When the predicate is indefinite ("is-a"), the construction "șe PRED ă t'in (def noun phrase)" is used, where ''șe/și/șied'' inflects according to the above rules: | ||
| Line 511: | Line 511: | ||
The tag questions work as follows: | The tag questions work as follows: | ||
* כֿאַן אפֿשר לא יואל שעין׳, אן אפֿשר ''Chan efșăr lă Yual șeyņ, ăn efșăr?'' 'Yual can't sing, can he?' | * כֿאַן אפֿשר לא יואל שעין׳, אן אפֿשר ''Chan efșăr lă Yual șeyņ, ăn efșăr?'' 'Yual can't sing, can he?' | ||
* אפֿשר לא יואל שעין׳, | * אפֿשר לא יואל שעין׳, נאך אפֿשר ''Efșăr lă Yual șeyņ, năch efșăr?'' 'Yual can sing, can't he?' | ||
Only the present affirmative form differs from the usual copula. The interrogative particle ''ăn'' changes to ''ăm'' before a labial, and ''chan'' becomes ''cha'' before a vowel. | Only the present affirmative form differs from the usual copula. The interrogative particle ''ăn'' changes to ''ăm'' before a labial, and ''chan'' becomes ''cha'' before a vowel. | ||
| Line 1,195: | Line 1,195: | ||
=== Quotes === | === Quotes === | ||
:{{Heb|כֿנעל איס קוֹם אך קוֹ | :{{Heb|כֿנעל איס קוֹם אך קוֹ נאך על איס קוֹם כּל.}} | ||
:''Chnel is gum ăch gu | :''Chnel is gum ăch gu năch el is gum col.'' | ||
:NEG.COP knowledge at-1SG except COMP NEG.COMP.COP knowledge at-1SG nothing | :NEG.COP knowledge at-1SG except COMP NEG.COMP.COP knowledge at-1SG nothing | ||
: I only know that I know nothing. | : I only know that I know nothing. | ||
| Line 1,202: | Line 1,202: | ||
(The word for 'nothing' actually comes from the same source as Scottish Gaelic ''càil'', but is spelled like the Hebrew word כל (Tsarfati Hebrew pronunciation ''col'') "every, all" which is used for "any" in negative sentences in Hebrew as well.) | (The word for 'nothing' actually comes from the same source as Scottish Gaelic ''càil'', but is spelled like the Hebrew word כל (Tsarfati Hebrew pronunciation ''col'') "every, all" which is used for "any" in negative sentences in Hebrew as well.) | ||
: ''Mă | : ''Mă năch mișă son tamșă feyn, cu a son tamșă? Ăch mă năch el me ăch son tamșă feyn, de mișă? Is mă năch ołn ăneșu, cin?'' | ||
: If I am not for me, who is for me? But if I am only for myself, what am I? And if not now, when? | : If I am not for me, who is for me? But if I am only for myself, what am I? And if not now, when? | ||