Themsarian/Verbal subparadigms

Regular verbs

Subject affixes
Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	-īn, -ī(n)1- nésain, -ai(n)1- térein, -ei(n)1-	-dir, -dir- nesádir, -adir- terédir, -edir-	-mi, -mī- nesámi, -amī- terémi, -emī-
1.in	-	-vse, -vsi- nesávse, -avsi- terévse, -evsi-	-nse, -nsi- nesánse, -ansi- terénse, -ensi-
2	-yr, -yr- -ar, -ar- -er, -er-	-rse, -rsi- nesárse, -arsi- terérse, -ersi-	-lse, -lsi- nesálse, -alsi- terélse, -elsi-
3.m	-ym, -m- -am, -am- -em, -em-	-ir, -iri- -air, -airi- -eir, -eiri-	-vi, -vi- nesávi, -avi- terévi, -evi-
3.f	-is, -isi- -ais, -aisi- -eis, -eisi-		-ti, -ti- nesáti, -ati- teréti, -eti-
Imperfect
Add the yn- prefix to the present forms.
Preterite
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	-ýn, -ýn- nesán, nesán- terén, terén-	-mor, -mor- nesámor, -amor- terémor, -emor-	-mā, -mā- nesámā, -amā- terémā, -emā-
1.in	-	-tor, -tor- nesátor, -ator- terétor, -etor-	-tā, -tā- nesátā, -atā- terétā, -etā-
2	-ýr, -ýr- nesár, nesár- terér, terér-	-rith, -rith- nesárith, -arith- terérith, -erith-	-lis, -lis- nesális, -alis- terélis, -elis-
3.m	-a, -am- -ā, -ām- -ea, -eam-	-arí, -aríe- -ārí, -āríe -earí, -earíe-	-aví, -avíe- -āví, -āvíe -eaví, -eavíe-
3.f	-ar, -ar- -ār, -ār -ear, -ear-		-atí, -atíe- -ātí, -ātíe -eatí, -eatíe-
Future
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	-ḗn, -ḗn- nesā́n, nesā́n- teríen, teríen-	-ḗdir, -ēdir- nesā́dir, -ādir- teríedir, -iedir-	-ḗmi, -ēmī- nesā́mi, -āmī- teríemi, -iemī-
1.in	-	-ḗvse, -ēvsi- nesā́vse, -āvsi- teríevse, -ievsi-	-ḗnse, -ēnsi- nesā́nse, -ānsi- teríense, -iensi-
2	-ḗr, -ḗr- nesā́r, nesā́r- teríer, teríer-	-ḗrse, -ērsi- nesā́rse, -ārsi- teríerse, -iersi-	-ḗlse, -ēlsi- nesā́lse, -ālsi- teríelse, -ielsi-
3.m	-ḗm, -ḗm- nesā́m, nesā́m- teríem, teríem-	-ḗri, -ḗri- nesā́ri, nesā́ri- teríeri, teríeri-	-ḗvi, -ēvi- nesā́vi, -āvi- teríevi, -ievi-
3.f	-ḗsi, -ḗsi- nesā́si, nesā́si- teríesi, teríesi-		-ḗti, -ēti- nesā́ti, -āti- teríeti, -ieti-
Jussive
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	-ī́n, -ī́(n)1- nesáin, nesái(n)1- teréin, teréi(n)1-	-dír, -dír- -adír, -adír- -edír, -edír-	-mí, -mī́- -amí, -amī́- -emí, -emī́-
1.in	-	-vt, -vti- -avt, -avti- -evt, -evti-	-nt, -nti- -ant, -anti- -ent, -enti-
2	-t, -t- -at, -at- -et, -et-	-rt, -rti- -art, -arti- -ert, -erti-	-lt, -lti- -alt, -alti- -elt, -elti-
3.m	-má, -mā́- -amá, -amā́- -emá, -emā́-	-irá, -irā́- -ará, -arā́- -erá, -erā́-	-ivá, -vā́- -avá, -avā́- -evá, -evā́-
3.f	-isá, -isā́- -asá, -asā́- -esá, -esā́-		-itá, -itā́- -atá, -atā́- -etá, -etā́-
Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	-vs, -vs- -avs, -avs- -evs, -evs-	-ns, -ns- -ans, -ans- -ens, -ens-
2	-Ø -a, -a- -e, -e-	-rs, -rs- -ars, -ars- -ers, -ers-	-ls, -ls- -als, -als- -els, -els-
Emphatic imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	-ḗvs, -ēvs- nesā́vs, nesā́vs- teríevs, teríevs-	-ḗns, -ēns- nesā́ns, nesā́ns- teríens, teríens-
2	-ḗ, -ḗ- nesā́, nesā́- teríe, teríe-	-ḗrs, -ḗrs- nesā́rs, nesā́rs- teríers, teríers-	-ḗls, -ḗls- nesā́ls, nesā́ls- teríels, teríels-
Non-finite forms
Present participle	-́rylF, -rl- nesárylF, nesárl- terérylF, terérl-
Imperfect participle	Prefix yn- to the present participle.
Preterite participle	-nárylF, -nárl- -anárylF, -anárl- -enárylF, -enárl-
Future participle	-ḗrylF, -ḗrl- nesā́rylF, nesā́rl- teríerylF, teríerl-
Infinitive	-sM nesásM terésM
Supine	-ēðM -āðM -ieðM

Semivowel stems

*j-stems

áubiī́ - attack, strike

Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	áubivs	áubins
2	áubi	áubirs	áubils

Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	áubiī	áubidir	áubima
1.in	-	áubivse	áubinse
2	áubir	áubirse	áubilse
3/4.m	áubi	áubīr	áubivi
3/4.f	áubīs		áubiti

Past perfective
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	áubín	áubisid	áubimi
1.in	-	áubitar	áubitā
2	áubír	áubirith	áubilith
3/4.m	áubisa	áubisrí	áubisví
3/4.f	áubisar		áubistí

Future
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	áubī́n	áubī́dir	áubī́ma
1.in	-	áubī́vse	áubī́nse
2	áubī́r	áubī́rse	áubī́lse
3/4.m	áubī́	áubī́ri	áubiī́vi
3/4.f	áubī́s		áubī́ti

Jussive
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	áubiī́	áubirdá	áubimir
1.in	-	áubivt	áubint
2	áubit	áubirt	áubilt
3/4.m	áubimá	áubīrá	áubiħá
3/4.f	áubīsá		áubitá

*w-stems

qervī́ - pack, condense

Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	qéruvs	qéruns
2	qéry	qérurs	qéruls

Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	qérvī	qérudir	qéruma
1.in	-	qéruvse	qérunse
2	qérur	qérurse	qérulse
3/4.m	qéry	qervir	qéruvi
3/4.f	qérvis		qéruti

Past perfective
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	qerún	qérusid	qérumi
1.in	-	qérutar	qérutā
2	qerúr	qérurith	qérulith
3/4.m	qérusa	qerusrí	qerusví
3/4.f	qérusar		qerustí

Future
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	qervḗn	qervḗdir	qervḗma
1.in	-	qervḗvse	qervḗnse
2	qervḗr	qervḗrse	qervḗlse
3/4.m	qervḗ	qervḗri	qervḗvi
3/4.f	qervéis		qervḗti

Jussive
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	qervī́	qerurdá	qérumir
1.in	-	qéruvt	qérunt
2	qérut	qérurt	qérult
3/4.m	qerumá	qervirá	qeruħá
3/4.f	qervisá		qerutá

Labial obstruent stems

-vi, -vie- "dissimilates" to -ħi, -ħie-

duobī́ - to be assembled

Coronal obstruent stems

*t-, *d-, *tʰ-, *s-stems

{*t *d *tʰ *s}

• > s / _t
  
• > r / _d
  

qvothī́ - shout

Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	qvóthyvs	qvóthyns
2	qvóth	qvóthyrs	qvóthyls

Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	qvóthī	qvórdir	qvóthma
1.in	-	qvóthyvse	qvóthynse
2	qvóthyr	qvóthyrse	qvóthylse
3/4.m	qvóthe	qvóthir	qvóthvi
3/4.f	qvóthis		qvósti

Past perfective
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	qvothýn	qvóssid	qvóthmi
1.in	-	qvóstar	qvóstā
2	qvothýr	qvóthrith	qvóthlith
3/4.m	qvóssa	qvosrí	qvosví
3/4.f	qvóssar		qvostí

Jussive
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	qvothī́	qvothyrdá	qvóthmir
1.in	-	qvóthyvt	qvóthynt
2	qvóthyt	qvóthyrt	qvóthylt
3/4.m	qvothmá	qvothirá	qvothħá
3/4.f	qvothisá		qvostá

*z-stems

fáerī́ - interlock, jam

Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	fáéryvs	fáéryns
2	fáér	fáéryrs	fáéryls

Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	fáérī	fáérdir	fáérma
1.in	-	fáéryvse	fáérynse
2	fáéryr	fáéryrse	fáérylse
3/4.m	fáére	fáerir	fáérvi
3/4.f	fáéris		fáésti

Past perfective
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	fáerýn	fáéssid	fáérmi
1.in	-	fáéstar	fáéstā
2	fáerýr	fáérrith	fáerlith
3/4.m	fáéssa	fáesrí	fáesví
3/4.f	fáéssar		fáestí

Jussive
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	fáerī́	fáeryrdá	fáérmir
1.in	-	fáéryvt	fáérynt
2	fáeryt	fáéryrt	fáérylt
3/4.m	fáermá	fáerirá	fáerħá
3/4.f	fáerisá		fáestá

*ʒ-stems

néuzī́ - pound, stamp

Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	néuryvs	néuzyns
2	néuz	néuzyrs	néuzyls

Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	néuzī	néurdir	néurma
1.in	-	néuryvse	néuzynse
2	néuzyr	néuzyrse	néuzylse
3/4.m	néuze	néuzir	néuzvi
3/4.f	néuzis		néusti

Past perfective
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	néuzýn	néussid	néurmi
1.in	-	néustar	néustā
2	néuzýr	néurrith	néurlith
3/4.m	néussa	néusrí	néusví
3/4.f	néussar		néustí

Jussive
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	néuzī́	néuzyrdá	néurmir
1.in	-	néuryvt	néuzynt
2	néuzyt	néuzyrt	néuzylt
3/4.m	néurmá	néuzirá	néurħá
3/4.f	néuzisá		néustá

*ç- and *ƶ-stems

{*ç, *ƶ}

• > ch / _*C[+coronal +plosive]
• > s / _*C[+coronal +fricative/affricate]
• > [ː~] / _{*ç, *ƶ}
• > th, ð otherwise

rȳthī́ - classify, categorize

Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	rȳ̌thyvs	rȳ̌thyns
2	rȳ̌th	rȳ̌thyrs	rȳ̌thyls

Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	rȳ̌thī	rȳ̌chdir	rȳ̌thma
1.in	-	rȳ̌thyvse	rȳ̌thynse
2	rȳ̌thyr	rȳ̌thyrse	rȳ̌thylse
3/4.m	rȳ̌the	rȳ̌thir	rȳ̌thvi
3/4.f	rȳ̌this		rȳ̌chti

Past perchective
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	rȳthýn	rȳ̌ssid	rȳ̌thmi
1.in	-	rȳ̌chtar	rȳ̌chtā
2	rȳthýr	rȳ̌thrith	rȳ̌thlith
3/4.m	rȳ̌ssa	rȳsrí	rȳsví
3/4.f	rȳ̌ssar		rȳstí

Jussive
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	rȳthī́	rȳthyrdá	rȳ̌thmir
1.in	-	rȳ̌thyvt	rȳ̌thynt
2	rȳ̌thyt	rȳ̌thyrt	rȳ̌thylt
3/4.m	rȳthmá	rȳthirá	rȳthħá
3/4.f	rȳthisá		rȳchtá

Velar stems

C[+plosive, +velar] > ch / _d/t/ŧ
g > c / _C[-voiced]

uogī́ - err, miss

Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	ǔogyvs	ǔogyns
2	ǔog	ǔogyrs	ǔogyls

Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	ǔogī	ǔochdir	ǔogma
1.in	-	ǔogyvse	ǔogynse
2	ǔogyr	ǔogyrse	ǔogylse
3/4.m	ǔoge	ǔogir	ǔogvi
3/4.f	ǔogis		ǔochti

Past perfective
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	uogýn	ǔocsid	ǔogmi
1.in	-	ǔochtar	ǔochtā
2	uogýr	ǔogrith	ǔoglith
3/4.m	ǔocsa	uocsrí	uocsví
3/4.f	ǔocsar		uocstí

Jussive
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	uogī́	uogyrdá	ǔogmir
1.in	-	ǔogyvt	ǔogynt
2	ǔogyt	ǔogyrt	ǔogylt
3/4.m	uogmá	uogirá	uogħá
3/4.f	uogisá		uochtá

Guttural stems

*ʔ-stems

*ʔ

• > [ː~] / V_CV
• > [~ː] / V_CC

hēseī́ - feel, emote

Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	hēsḗvs	hēsḗns
2	hēsé	hēsḗrs	hēsḗls

Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	hēséī	hēséddir	hēsémma
1.in	-	hēsḗvse	hēsḗnse
2	hēséyr	hēsḗrse	hēsḗlse
3/4.m	hēsé	hēséìr	hēsévvi
3/4.f	hēséìs		hēsétti

Past perfective
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	hēseýn	hēséssid	hēsémmi
1.in	-	hēséttar	hēséttā
2	hēseýr	hēsérrith	hēséllith
3/4.m	hēséssa	hēsēsrí	hēsēsví
3/4.f	hēséssar		hēsēstí

Future
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	hēseḗn	hēseḗdir	hēseḗma
1.in	-	hēseḗvse	hēseḗnse
2	hēseḗr	hēseḗrse	hēseḗlse
3/4.m	hēseḗ	hēseḗri	hēseḗvi
3/4.f	hḗseéis		hḗseḗti

Jussive
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	hēseī́	hēsērdá	hēsémmir
1.in	-	hēsḗvt	hēsḗnt
2	hēsḗt	hēsḗrt	hēsḗlt
3/4.m	hēsemmá	hēseìrá	hēsēħá
3/4.f	hēseìsá		hēsettá

*{m, n, l, r}ʔ-stems

*{m, n, l, r}ʔ

• > mp, {n, l, r}t
• > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]

híltī́ - imply, make transparent

Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	híltyvs	híltyns
2	hílt	híltyrs	híltyls

Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	híltī	híldir	híltma
1.in	-	híltyvse	híltynse
2	híltyr	híltyrse	híltylse
3/4.m	hílte	híltir	híltvi
3/4.f	híltis		hílti

Past perfective
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	híltýn	hílsid	híltmi
1.in	-	híltar	híltā
2	híltýr	híltrith	híltlith
3/4.m	hílsa	hílsrí	hílsví
3/4.f	hílsar		hílstí

Jussive
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	híltī́	híltyrdá	híltmir
1.in	-	híltyvt	híltynt
2	híltyt	híltyrt	híltylt
3/4.m	híltmá	híltirá	híltħá
3/4.f	híltisá		híltá

h-stems

*h

• > [ː~] / V_C[+fricative]V
• > [~ː] / V_C[otherwise]

bohī́ - measure

Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	bō̌vs	bō̌ns
2	bō̌	bō̌rs	bō̌ls

Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	bóhī	bō̌dir	bō̌ma
1.in	-	bō̌vse	bō̌nse
2	bóhyr	bō̌rse	bō̌lse
3/4.m	bóhe	bóhir	bō̌vi
3/4.f	bóhis		bō̌ti

Past perfective
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	bohýn	bóssid	bō̌mi
1.in	-	bō̌tar	bō̌tā
2	bohýr	bō̌rith	bō̌lith
3/4.m	bóssa	bōsrí	bōsví
3/4.f	bóssar		bōstí

Jussive
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	bohī́	bō̌rdá	bō̌mir
1.in	-	bō̌vt	bō̌nt
2	bō̌t	bō̌rt	bō̌lt
3/4.m	bōmá	bohirá	bōħá
3/4.f	bohisá		bōtá

*{m, n, l, r}h-stems

*{m, n, l, r}h

• > mf, {n, l, r}th
• > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]

inthī́ - lie (be in a supine position)

Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	ínthyvs	ínthyns
2	ínth	ínthyrs	ínthyls

Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	ínthī	índir	ínthma
1.in	-	ínthyvse	ínthynse
2	ínthyr	ínthyrse	ínthylse
3/4.m	ínthe	ínthir	ínthvi
3/4.f	ínthis		ínti

Past perfective
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	inthýn	ínsid	ínthmi
1.in	-	íntar	íntā
2	inthýr	ínthrith	ínthlith
3/4.m	ínsa	insrí	insví
3/4.f	ínsar		instí

Jussive
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	inthī́	inthyrdá	ínthmir
1.in	-	ínthyvt	ínthynt
2	ínthyt	ínthyrt	ínthylt
3/4.m	inthmá	inthirá	inthħá
3/4.f	inthisá		intá

Irregular verbs

Suppletive verbs

Suppletive verbs have many monosyllabic forms; in order to compensate for the lack of tonal information other roots were grafted into their paradigms.

vā́cī́n - copula

The copula is highly suppletive. The present, future, jussive and the infinitives share the stem vā́c-, while the imperfect has the stem ynt- (< *ʔṇʔ-). (There is no preterite.) Note also the preterite endings in the imperfect tense.

Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	vā́cyvs	vā́cyns
2	vā́c	vā́cyrs	vā́cyls

Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	(vā́cīn)	(vā́chdir)	(vā́cmi)
1.in	-	(vā́cyvse)	(vā́cynse)
2	(vā́cyr)	(vā́cyrse)	(vā́cylse)
3/4.m	(vā́ce)	(vā́cir)	(vā́cvi)
3/4.f	(vā́cis)		(vā́chti)

Present subjunctive
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	ávā́cīn	ávā́chdir	ávā́cmi
1.in	-	ávā́cyvse	ávā́cynse
2	ávā́cyr	ávā́cyrse	ávā́cylse
3/4.m	ávā́ce	ávā́cir	ávā́cvi
3/4.f	ávā́cis		ávā́chti

Imperfect
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	yntýn	ýnsid	ýntmā
1.in	-	ýntar	ýntā
2	yntýr	ýntrith	ýntlith
3/4.m	ýnta	yntarí	yntaví
3/4.f	ýntar		yntatí

Imperfect subjunctive
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	ēntýn	ḕnsid	ḕntmā
1.in	-	ḕntar	ḕntā
2	ēntýr	ḕntrith	ḕntlith
3/4.m	ḕnta	ēntarí	ēntaví
3/4.f	ḕntar		ēntatí

Jussive
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.ex	vā́cī́n	vā́chdír	vā́cmí
1.in	-	vā́cyvt	vā́cynt
2	vā́cyt	vā́cyrt	vā́cylt
3/4.m	vā́cmá	vā́cirá	vā́cħá
3/4.f	vā́cisá		vā́chtá

Reduplicating stems

These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.