Themsarian/Verbal subparadigms: Difference between revisions

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!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''-īn, -ī(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''nésain, -ai(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''térein, -ei(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''-īn, -ī(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''nésain, -ai(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''térein, -ei(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''-dir, -dir-''<br/>''nesádir, -adir-''<br/>''terédir, -edir-''
|''-dir, -dir-''<br/>''irēdádir, -adir-''<br/>''terédir, -edir-''
|''-mi, -mī-''<br/>''nesámi, -amī-''<br/>''terémi, -emī-''
|''-mi, -mī-''<br/>''irēdámi, -amī-''<br/>''terémi, -emī-''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''-vse, -vsi-''<br/>''nesávse, -avsi-''<br/>''terévse, -evsi-''
|''-vse, -vsi-''<br/>''irēdávse, -avsi-''<br/>''terévse, -evsi-''
|''-nse, -nsi-''<br/>''nesánse, -ansi-''<br/>''terénse, -ensi-''
|''-nse, -nsi-''<br/>''irēdánse, -ansi-''<br/>''terénse, -ensi-''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''-yr, -yr-''<br/>''-ar, -ar-''<br/>''-er, -er-''
|''-yr, -yr-''<br/>''-ar, -ar-''<br/>''-er, -er-''
|''-rse, -rsi-''<br/>''nesárse, -arsi-''<br/>''terérse, -ersi-''
|''-rse, -rsi-''<br/>''irēdárse, -arsi-''<br/>''terérse, -ersi-''
|''-lse, -lsi-''<br/>''nesálse, -alsi-''<br/>''terélse, -elsi-''
|''-lse, -lsi-''<br/>''irēdálse, -alsi-''<br/>''terélse, -elsi-''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
|''-ym, -m-''<br/>''-am, -am-''<br/>''-em, -em-''
|''-ym, -m-''<br/>''-am, -am-''<br/>''-em, -em-''
|rowspan="2"|''-ir, -iri-''<br/>''-air, -airi-''<br/>''-eir, -eiri-''
|rowspan="2"|''-ir, -iri-''<br/>''-air, -airi-''<br/>''-eir, -eiri-''
|''-vi, -vi-''<br/>''nesávi, -avi-''<br/>''terévi, -evi-''
|''-vi, -vi-''<br/>''irēdávi, -avi-''<br/>''terévi, -evi-''
|-
|-
!|3.f
!|3.f
|''-is, -isi-''<br/>''-ais, -aisi-''<br/>''-eis, -eisi-''
|''-is, -isi-''<br/>''-ais, -aisi-''<br/>''-eis, -eisi-''
|''-ti, -ti-''<br/>''nesáti, -ati-''<br/>''teréti, -eti-''
|''-ti, -ti-''<br/>''irēdáti, -ati-''<br/>''teréti, -eti-''
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | Imperfect
!colspan="4" | Imperfect
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''-ýn, -ýn-''<br/>''nesán, nesán-''<br/>''terén, terén-''
|''-ýn, -ýn-''<br/>''irēdán, irēdán-''<br/>''terén, terén-''
|''-mor, -mor-''<br/>''nesámor, -amor-''<br/>''terémor, -emor-''
|''-mor, -mor-''<br/>''irēdámor, -amor-''<br/>''terémor, -emor-''
|''-mā, -mā-''<br/>''nesámā, -amā-''<br/>''terémā, -emā-''
|''-mā, -mā-''<br/>''irēdámā, -amā-''<br/>''terémā, -emā-''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''-tor, -tor-''<br/>''nesátor, -ator-''<br/>''terétor, -etor-''
|''-tor, -tor-''<br/>''irēdátor, -ator-''<br/>''terétor, -etor-''
|''-tā, -tā-''<br/>''nesátā, -atā-''<br/>''terétā, -etā-''
|''-tā, -tā-''<br/>''irēdátā, -atā-''<br/>''terétā, -etā-''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''-ýr, -ýr-''<br/>''nesár, nesár-''<br/>''terér, terér-''
|''-ýr, -ýr-''<br/>''irēdár, irēdár-''<br/>''terér, terér-''
|''-rith, -rith-''<br/>''nesárith, -arith-''<br/>''terérith, -erith-''
|''-rith, -rith-''<br/>''irēdárith, -arith-''<br/>''terérith, -erith-''
|''-lis, -lis-''<br/>''nesális, -alis-''<br/>''terélis, -elis-''
|''-lis, -lis-''<br/>''irēdális, -alis-''<br/>''terélis, -elis-''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''molḗn, molḗn-''<br/>''nesā́n, nesā́n-''<br/>''teríen, teríen-''
|''molḗn, molḗn-''<br/>''irēdā́n, irēdā́n-''<br/>''teríen, teríen-''
|''molḗdir, -ēdir-''<br/>''nesā́dir, -ādir-''<br/>''teríedir, -iedir-''
|''molḗdir, -ēdir-''<br/>''irēdā́dir, -ādir-''<br/>''teríedir, -iedir-''
|''molḗmi, -ēmī-''<br/>''nesā́mi, -āmī-''<br/>''teríemi, -iemī-''
|''molḗmi, -ēmī-''<br/>''irēdā́mi, -āmī-''<br/>''teríemi, -iemī-''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''molḗvse, -ēvsi-''<br/>''nesā́vse, -āvsi-''<br/>''teríevse, -ievsi-''
|''molḗvse, -ēvsi-''<br/>''irēdā́vse, -āvsi-''<br/>''teríevse, -ievsi-''
|''molḗnse, -ēnsi-''<br/>''nesā́nse, -ānsi-''<br/>''teríense, -iensi-''
|''molḗnse, -ēnsi-''<br/>''irēdā́nse, -ānsi-''<br/>''teríense, -iensi-''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''molḗr, molḗr-''<br/>''nesā́r, nesā́r-''<br/>''teríer, teríer-''
|''molḗr, molḗr-''<br/>''irēdā́r, irēdā́r-''<br/>''teríer, teríer-''
|''molḗrse, -ērsi-''<br/>''nesā́rse, -ārsi-''<br/>''teríerse, -iersi-''
|''molḗrse, -ērsi-''<br/>''irēdā́rse, -ārsi-''<br/>''teríerse, -iersi-''
|''molḗlse, -ēlsi-''<br/>''nesā́lse, -ālsi-''<br/>''teríelse, -ielsi-''
|''molḗlse, -ēlsi-''<br/>''irēdā́lse, -ālsi-''<br/>''teríelse, -ielsi-''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
|''molḗm, molḗm-''<br/>''nesā́m, nesā́m-''<br/>''teríem, teríem-''
|''molḗm, molḗm-''<br/>''irēdā́m, irēdā́m-''<br/>''teríem, teríem-''
|rowspan="2"|''molḗri, molḗri-''<br/>''nesā́ri, nesā́ri-''<br/>''teríeri, teríeri-''
|rowspan="2"|''molḗri, molḗri-''<br/>''irēdā́ri, irēdā́ri-''<br/>''teríeri, teríeri-''
|''molḗvi, -ēvi-''<br/>''nesā́vi, -āvi-''<br/>''teríevi, -ievi-''
|''molḗvi, -ēvi-''<br/>''irēdā́vi, -āvi-''<br/>''teríevi, -ievi-''
|-
|-
!|3.f
!|3.f
|''molḗsi, molḗsi-''<br/>''nesā́si, nesā́si-''<br/>''teríesi, teríesi-''
|''molḗsi, molḗsi-''<br/>''irēdā́si, irēdā́si-''<br/>''teríesi, teríesi-''
|''molḗti, -ēti-''<br/>''nesā́ti, -āti-''<br/>''teríeti, -ieti-''
|''molḗti, -ēti-''<br/>''irēdā́ti, -āti-''<br/>''teríeti, -ieti-''
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | Jussive
!colspan="4" | Jussive
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''-ī́n, -ī́(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''nesáin, nesái(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''teréin, teréi(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''-ī́n, -ī́(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''irēdáin, irēdái(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''teréin, teréi(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''-dír, -dír-''<br/>''-adír, -adír-''<br/>''-edír, -edír-''
|''-dír, -dír-''<br/>''-adír, -adír-''<br/>''-edír, -edír-''
|''-mí, -mī́-''<br/>''-amí, -amī́-''<br/>''-emí, -emī́-''
|''-mí, -mī́-''<br/>''-amí, -amī́-''<br/>''-emí, -emī́-''
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!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''molḗvs, -ēvs-''<br/>''nesā́vs, nesā́vs-''<br/>''teríevs, teríevs-''
|''molḗvs, -ēvs-''<br/>''irēdā́vs, irēdā́vs-''<br/>''teríevs, teríevs-''
|''molḗns, -ēns-''<br/>''nesā́ns, nesā́ns-''<br/>''teríens, teríens-''
|''molḗns, -ēns-''<br/>''irēdā́ns, irēdā́ns-''<br/>''teríens, teríens-''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''molḗ, molḗ-''<br/>''nesā́, nesā́-''<br/>''teríe, teríe-''
|''molḗ, molḗ-''<br/>''irēdā́, irēdā́-''<br/>''teríe, teríe-''
|''molḗrs, molḗrs-''<br/>''nesā́rs, nesā́rs-''<br/>''teríers, teríers-''
|''molḗrs, molḗrs-''<br/>''irēdā́rs, irēdā́rs-''<br/>''teríers, teríers-''
|''molḗls, molḗls-''<br/>''nesā́ls, nesā́ls-''<br/>''teríels, teríels-''
|''molḗls, molḗls-''<br/>''irēdā́ls, irēdā́ls-''<br/>''teríels, teríels-''
|-
|-
!colspan="4"| Non-finite forms
!colspan="4"| Non-finite forms
|-
|-
!Present<br/>participle
!Present<br/>participle
|colspan="3"|''-́ryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-rl-''<br/>''nesáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''nesárl-''<br/>''teréryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''terérl-''
|colspan="3"|''-́ryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-rl-''<br/>''irēdáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdárl-''<br/>''teréryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''terérl-''
|-
|-
!Imperfect<br/>participle
!Imperfect<br/>participle
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|-
|-
!Future<br/>participle
!Future<br/>participle
|colspan="3"|''molḗryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''molḗrl-''<br/>''nesā́ryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''nesā́rl-''<br/>''teríeryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''teríerl-''
|colspan="3"|''molḗryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''molḗrl-''<br/>''irēdā́ryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdā́rl-''<br/>''teríeryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''teríerl-''
|-
|-
!Infinitive
!Infinitive
|colspan="3"|''-s<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''nesás<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''terés<sup>M</sup>''
|colspan="3"|''-s<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''irēdás<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''terés<sup>M</sup>''
|-
|-
!Supine
!Supine

Revision as of 12:29, 28 August 2014

Regular verbs

Subject affixes
Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -īn, -ī(n)1-
nésain, -ai(n)1-
térein, -ei(n)1- 		-dir, -dir-
irēdádir, -adir-
terédir, -edir- 		-mi, -mī-
irēdámi, -amī-
terémi, -emī-
1.in - -vse, -vsi-
irēdávse, -avsi-
terévse, -evsi- 		-nse, -nsi-
irēdánse, -ansi-
terénse, -ensi-
2 -yr, -yr-
-ar, -ar-
-er, -er- 		-rse, -rsi-
irēdárse, -arsi-
terérse, -ersi- 		-lse, -lsi-
irēdálse, -alsi-
terélse, -elsi-
3.m -ym, -m-
-am, -am-
-em, -em- 		-ir, -iri-
-air, -airi-
-eir, -eiri- 		-vi, -vi-
irēdávi, -avi-
terévi, -evi-
3.f -is, -isi-
-ais, -aisi-
-eis, -eisi- 		-ti, -ti-
irēdáti, -ati-
teréti, -eti-
Imperfect
Add the yn- prefix to the present forms.
Preterite
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -ýn, -ýn-
irēdán, irēdán-
terén, terén- 		-mor, -mor-
irēdámor, -amor-
terémor, -emor- 		-mā, -mā-
irēdámā, -amā-
terémā, -emā-
1.in - -tor, -tor-
irēdátor, -ator-
terétor, -etor- 		-tā, -tā-
irēdátā, -atā-
terétā, -etā-
2 -ýr, -ýr-
irēdár, irēdár-
terér, terér- 		-rith, -rith-
irēdárith, -arith-
terérith, -erith- 		-lis, -lis-
irēdális, -alis-
terélis, -elis-
3.m -a, -am-
-ā, -ām-
-ea, -eam- 		-arí, -aríe-
-ārí, -āríe
-earí, -earíe- 		-aví, -avíe-
-āví, -āvíe
-eaví, -eavíe-
3.f -ar, -ar-
-ār, -ār
-ear, -ear- 		-atí, -atíe-
-ātí, -ātíe
-eatí, -eatíe-
Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex molḗn, molḗn-
irēdā́n, irēdā́n-
teríen, teríen- 		molḗdir, -ēdir-
irēdā́dir, -ādir-
teríedir, -iedir- 		molḗmi, -ēmī-
irēdā́mi, -āmī-
teríemi, -iemī-
1.in - molḗvse, -ēvsi-
irēdā́vse, -āvsi-
teríevse, -ievsi- 		molḗnse, -ēnsi-
irēdā́nse, -ānsi-
teríense, -iensi-
2 molḗr, molḗr-
irēdā́r, irēdā́r-
teríer, teríer- 		molḗrse, -ērsi-
irēdā́rse, -ārsi-
teríerse, -iersi- 		molḗlse, -ēlsi-
irēdā́lse, -ālsi-
teríelse, -ielsi-
3.m molḗm, molḗm-
irēdā́m, irēdā́m-
teríem, teríem- 		molḗri, molḗri-
irēdā́ri, irēdā́ri-
teríeri, teríeri- 		molḗvi, -ēvi-
irēdā́vi, -āvi-
teríevi, -ievi-
3.f molḗsi, molḗsi-
irēdā́si, irēdā́si-
teríesi, teríesi- 		molḗti, -ēti-
irēdā́ti, -āti-
teríeti, -ieti-
Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -ī́n, -ī́(n)1-
irēdáin, irēdái(n)1-
teréin, teréi(n)1- 		-dír, -dír-
-adír, -adír-
-edír, -edír- 		-mí, -mī́-
-amí, -amī́-
-emí, -emī́-
1.in - -vt, -vti-
-avt, -avti-
-evt, -evti- 		-nt, -nti-
-ant, -anti-
-ent, -enti-
2 -t, -t-
-at, -at-
-et, -et- 		-rt, -rti-
-art, -arti-
-ert, -erti- 		-lt, -lti-
-alt, -alti-
-elt, -elti-
3.m -má, -mā́-
-amá, -amā́-
-emá, -emā́- 		-irá, -irā́-
-ará, -arā́-
-erá, -erā́- 		-ivá, -vā́-
-avá, -avā́-
-evá, -evā́-
3.f -isá, -isā́-
-asá, -asā́-
-esá, -esā́- 		-itá, -itā́-
-atá, -atā́-
-etá, -etā́-
Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - -vs, -vs-
-avs, -avs-
-evs, -evs- 		-ns, -ns-
-ans, -ans-
-ens, -ens-
2 -Ø
-a, -a-
-e, -e- 		-rs, -rs-
-ars, -ars-
-ers, -ers- 		-ls, -ls-
-als, -als-
-els, -els-
Emphatic imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - molḗvs, -ēvs-
irēdā́vs, irēdā́vs-
teríevs, teríevs- 		molḗns, -ēns-
irēdā́ns, irēdā́ns-
teríens, teríens-
2 molḗ, molḗ-
irēdā́, irēdā́-
teríe, teríe- 		molḗrs, molḗrs-
irēdā́rs, irēdā́rs-
teríers, teríers- 		molḗls, molḗls-
irēdā́ls, irēdā́ls-
teríels, teríels-
Non-finite forms
Present
participle 		-́rylF, -rl-
irēdárylF, irēdárl-
terérylF, terérl-
Imperfect
participle 		Prefix yn- to the present participle.
Preterite
participle 		-nárylF, -nárl-
-anárylF, -anárl-
-enárylF, -enárl-
Future
participle 		molḗrylF, molḗrl-
irēdā́rylF, irēdā́rl-
teríerylF, teríerl-
Infinitive -sM
irēdásM
terésM
Supine -ēðM
-āðM
-ieðM

Semivowel stems

*j-stems

áubiī́ - attack, strike

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - áubivs áubins
2 áubi áubirs áubils


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubiī áubidir áubima
1.in - áubivse áubinse
2 áubir áubirse áubilse
3/4.m áubi áubīr áubivi
3/4.f áubīs áubiti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubín áubisid áubimi
1.in - áubitar áubitā
2 áubír áubirith áubilith
3/4.m áubisa áubisrí áubisví
3/4.f áubisar áubistí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubī́n áubī́dir áubī́ma
1.in - áubī́vse áubī́nse
2 áubī́r áubī́rse áubī́lse
3/4.m áubī́ áubī́ri áubiī́vi
3/4.f áubī́s áubī́ti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubiī́ áubirdá áubimir
1.in - áubivt áubint
2 áubit áubirt áubilt
3/4.m áubimá áubīrá áubiħá
3/4.f áubīsá áubitá

*w-stems

qervī́ - pack, condense

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - qéruvs qéruns
2 qéry qérurs qéruls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qérvī qérudir qéruma
1.in - qéruvse qérunse
2 qérur qérurse qérulse
3/4.m qéry qervir qéruvi
3/4.f qérvis qéruti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qerún qérusid qérumi
1.in - qérutar qérutā
2 qerúr qérurith qérulith
3/4.m qérusa qerusrí qerusví
3/4.f qérusar qerustí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qervḗn qervḗdir qervḗma
1.in - qervḗvse qervḗnse
2 qervḗr qervḗrse qervḗlse
3/4.m qervḗ qervḗri qervḗvi
3/4.f qervéis qervḗti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qervī́ qerurdá qérumir
1.in - qéruvt qérunt
2 qérut qérurt qérult
3/4.m qerumá qervirá qeruħá
3/4.f qervisá qerutá

Labial obstruent stems

-vi, -vie- "dissimilates" to -ħi, -ħie-

duobī́ - to be assembled

Coronal obstruent stems

*t-, *d-, *tʰ-, *s-stems

{*t *d *tʰ *s}

  • > s / _t
  • > r / _d

qvothī́ - shout

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - qvóthyvs qvóthyns
2 qvóth qvóthyrs qvóthyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvóthī qvórdir qvóthma
1.in - qvóthyvse qvóthynse
2 qvóthyr qvóthyrse qvóthylse
3/4.m qvóthe qvóthir qvóthvi
3/4.f qvóthis qvósti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvothýn qvóssid qvóthmi
1.in - qvóstar qvóstā
2 qvothýr qvóthrith qvóthlith
3/4.m qvóssa qvosrí qvosví
3/4.f qvóssar qvostí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvothī́ qvothyrdá qvóthmir
1.in - qvóthyvt qvóthynt
2 qvóthyt qvóthyrt qvóthylt
3/4.m qvothmá qvothirá qvothħá
3/4.f qvothisá qvostá

*z-stems

fáerī́ - interlock, jam

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - fáéryvs fáéryns
2 fáér fáéryrs fáéryls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáérī fáérdir fáérma
1.in - fáéryvse fáérynse
2 fáéryr fáéryrse fáérylse
3/4.m fáére fáerir fáérvi
3/4.f fáéris fáésti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáerýn fáéssid fáérmi
1.in - fáéstar fáéstā
2 fáerýr fáérrith fáerlith
3/4.m fáéssa fáesrí fáesví
3/4.f fáéssar fáestí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáerī́ fáeryrdá fáérmir
1.in - fáéryvt fáérynt
2 fáeryt fáéryrt fáérylt
3/4.m fáermá fáerirá fáerħá
3/4.f fáerisá fáestá

*ʒ-stems

néuzī́ - pound, stamp

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - néuryvs néuzyns
2 néuz néuzyrs néuzyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzī néurdir néurma
1.in - néuryvse néuzynse
2 néuzyr néuzyrse néuzylse
3/4.m néuze néuzir néuzvi
3/4.f néuzis néusti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzýn néussid néurmi
1.in - néustar néustā
2 néuzýr néurrith néurlith
3/4.m néussa néusrí néusví
3/4.f néussar néustí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzī́ néuzyrdá néurmir
1.in - néuryvt néuzynt
2 néuzyt néuzyrt néuzylt
3/4.m néurmá néuzirá néurħá
3/4.f néuzisá néustá

*ç- and *ƶ-stems

{*ç, *ƶ}

  • > ch / _*C[+coronal +plosive]
  • > s / _*C[+coronal +fricative/affricate]
  • > [ː~] / _{*ç, *ƶ}
  • > th, ð otherwise

rȳthī́ - classify, categorize

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - rȳ̌thyvs rȳ̌thyns
2 rȳ̌th rȳ̌thyrs rȳ̌thyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳ̌thī rȳ̌chdir rȳ̌thma
1.in - rȳ̌thyvse rȳ̌thynse
2 rȳ̌thyr rȳ̌thyrse rȳ̌thylse
3/4.m rȳ̌the rȳ̌thir rȳ̌thvi
3/4.f rȳ̌this rȳ̌chti


Past perchective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳthýn rȳ̌ssid rȳ̌thmi
1.in - rȳ̌chtar rȳ̌chtā
2 rȳthýr rȳ̌thrith rȳ̌thlith
3/4.m rȳ̌ssa rȳsrí rȳsví
3/4.f rȳ̌ssar rȳstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳthī́ rȳthyrdá rȳ̌thmir
1.in - rȳ̌thyvt rȳ̌thynt
2 rȳ̌thyt rȳ̌thyrt rȳ̌thylt
3/4.m rȳthmá rȳthirá rȳthħá
3/4.f rȳthisá rȳchtá

Velar stems

C[+plosive, +velar] > ch / _d/t/ŧ
g > c / _C[-voiced]

uogī́ - err, miss

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - ǔogyvs ǔogyns
2 ǔog ǔogyrs ǔogyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ǔogī ǔochdir ǔogma
1.in - ǔogyvse ǔogynse
2 ǔogyr ǔogyrse ǔogylse
3/4.m ǔoge ǔogir ǔogvi
3/4.f ǔogis ǔochti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex uogýn ǔocsid ǔogmi
1.in - ǔochtar ǔochtā
2 uogýr ǔogrith ǔoglith
3/4.m ǔocsa uocsrí uocsví
3/4.f ǔocsar uocstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex uogī́ uogyrdá ǔogmir
1.in - ǔogyvt ǔogynt
2 ǔogyt ǔogyrt ǔogylt
3/4.m uogmá uogirá uogħá
3/4.f uogisá uochtá

Guttural stems

Radical stems

*q-stems

*ʁ-stems

*qʰ-stems

*ʔ-stems

*ʔ

  • > [ː~] / V_CV
  • > [~ː] / V_CC

hēseī́ - feel, emote

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - hēsḗvs hēsḗns
2 hēsé hēsḗrs hēsḗls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēséī hēséddir hēsémma
1.in - hēsḗvse hēsḗnse
2 hēséyr hēsḗrse hēsḗlse
3/4.m hēsé hēséìr hēsévvi
3/4.f hēséìs hēsétti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseýn hēséssid hēsémmi
1.in - hēséttar hēséttā
2 hēseýr hēsérrith hēséllith
3/4.m hēséssa hēsēsrí hēsēsví
3/4.f hēséssar hēsēstí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseḗn hēseḗdir hēseḗma
1.in - hēseḗvse hēseḗnse
2 hēseḗr hēseḗrse hēseḗlse
3/4.m hēseḗ hēseḗri hēseḗvi
3/4.f hḗseéis hḗseḗti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseī́ hēsērdá hēsémmir
1.in - hēsḗvt hēsḗnt
2 hēsḗt hēsḗrt hēsḗlt
3/4.m hēsemmá hēseìrá hēsēħá
3/4.f hēseìsá hēsettá

*{m, n, l, r}ʔ-stems

*{m, n, l, r}ʔ

  • > mp, {n, l, r}t
  • > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]

híltī́ - imply, make transparent

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - híltyvs híltyns
2 hílt híltyrs híltyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltī híldir híltma
1.in - híltyvse híltynse
2 híltyr híltyrse híltylse
3/4.m hílte híltir híltvi
3/4.f híltis hílti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltýn hílsid híltmi
1.in - híltar híltā
2 híltýr híltrith híltlith
3/4.m hílsa hílsrí hílsví
3/4.f hílsar hílstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltī́ híltyrdá híltmir
1.in - híltyvt híltynt
2 híltyt híltyrt híltylt
3/4.m híltmá híltirá híltħá
3/4.f híltisá híltá

h-stems

*h

  • > [ː~] / V_C[+fricative]V
  • > [~ː] / V_C[otherwise]

bohī́ - measure

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - bō̌vs bō̌ns
2 bō̌ bō̌rs bō̌ls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bóhī bō̌dir bō̌ma
1.in - bō̌vse bō̌nse
2 bóhyr bō̌rse bō̌lse
3/4.m bóhe bóhir bō̌vi
3/4.f bóhis bō̌ti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bohýn bóssid bō̌mi
1.in - bō̌tar bō̌tā
2 bohýr bō̌rith bō̌lith
3/4.m bóssa bōsrí bōsví
3/4.f bóssar bōstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bohī́ bō̌rdá bō̌mir
1.in - bō̌vt bō̌nt
2 bō̌t bō̌rt bō̌lt
3/4.m bōmá bohirá bōħá
3/4.f bohisá bōtá

*{m, n, l, r}h-stems

*{m, n, l, r}h

  • > mf, {n, l, r}th
  • > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]


inthī́ - lie (be in a supine position)

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - ínthyvs ínthyns
2 ínth ínthyrs ínthyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ínthī índir ínthma
1.in - ínthyvse ínthynse
2 ínthyr ínthyrse ínthylse
3/4.m ínthe ínthir ínthvi
3/4.f ínthis ínti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex inthýn ínsid ínthmi
1.in - íntar íntā
2 inthýr ínthrith ínthlith
3/4.m ínsa insrí insví
3/4.f ínsar instí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex inthī́ inthyrdá ínthmir
1.in - ínthyvt ínthynt
2 ínthyt ínthyrt ínthylt
3/4.m inthmá inthirá inthħá
3/4.f inthisá intá

Irregular verbs

Suppletive verbs

Suppletive verbs have many monosyllabic forms; in order to compensate for the lack of tonal information other roots were grafted into their paradigms.

vā́cī́n - copula

The copula is highly suppletive. The present, future, jussive and the infinitives share the stem vā́c-, while the imperfect has the stem ynt- (< *ʔṇʔ-). (There is no preterite.) Note also the preterite endings in the imperfect tense.

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - vā́cyvs vā́cyns
2 vā́c vā́cyrs vā́cyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex (vā́cīn) (vā́chdir) (vā́cmi)
1.in - (vā́cyvse) (vā́cynse)
2 (vā́cyr) (vā́cyrse) (vā́cylse)
3/4.m (vā́ce) (vā́cir) (vā́cvi)
3/4.f (vā́cis) (vā́chti)


Present subjunctive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ávā́cīn ávā́chdir ávā́cmi
1.in - ávā́cyvse ávā́cynse
2 ávā́cyr ávā́cyrse ávā́cylse
3/4.m ávā́ce ávā́cir ávā́cvi
3/4.f ávā́cis ávā́chti


Imperfect
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex yntýn ýnsid ýntmā
1.in - ýntar ýntā
2 yntýr ýntrith ýntlith
3/4.m ýnta yntarí yntaví
3/4.f ýntar yntatí


Imperfect subjunctive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ēntýn ḕnsid ḕntmā
1.in - ḕntar ḕntā
2 ēntýr ḕntrith ḕntlith
3/4.m ḕnta ēntarí ēntaví
3/4.f ḕntar ēntatí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex vā́cī́n vā́chdír vā́cmí
1.in - vā́cyvt vā́cynt
2 vā́cyt vā́cyrt vā́cylt
3/4.m vā́cmá vā́cirá vā́cħá
3/4.f vā́cisá vā́chtá

morī́ - 'exist'

Reduplicating stems

These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.

Eliding stems

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