Verse:Irta (Old)/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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==Phonology of IFAY Ăn Yidiș== | ==Phonology of IFAY Ăn Yidiș== | ||
The following describes the (somewhat artificial) standard, often called אן כּאיזאן ''ăn Cayzăn '' [əŋ 'kʰajtsən~əŋ 'kʰajdzən] 'the standard', originally codified by the Ăn Yidiș Research Institute (אנט | The following describes the (somewhat artificial) standard, often called אן כּאיזאן ''ăn Cayzăn '' [əŋ 'kʰajtsən~əŋ 'kʰajdzən] 'the standard', originally codified by the Ăn Yidiș Research Institute (אנט אינשׂטיתּוֹט פישׂיפטאך תּאצש אן ייִדיש ''ănd Insditud Fisifdăch tăģ ăn Yidiș''; abbreviated to איפאַי/IFAY /i'faj/). | ||
=== Consonants === | === Consonants === | ||
The consonantal phonology of Ăn Yidiș is fairly conservative and has a similar number of consonants in most dialects (except for some dialects like Ballmer Ăn Yidiș which merges ''l'' and ''ł'' into dark L and merges ''ŗ'' with ''y'' into something like Spanish ''y''). Some differences from Irish and Scottish Gaelic are: | The consonantal phonology of Ăn Yidiș is fairly conservative and has a similar number of consonants in most dialects (except for some dialects like Ballmer Ăn Yidiș which merges ''l'' and ''ł'' into dark L and merges ''ŗ'' with ''y'' into something like Spanish ''y''). Some differences from Irish and Scottish Gaelic are: | ||
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| '''ș, c̦h''' {{IPA|ʃ}} | | '''ș, c̦h''' {{IPA|ʃ}} | ||
| '''ch''' {{IPA|χ}} | | '''ch''' {{IPA|χ}} | ||
| '''h, th | | '''h, th, țh''' {{IPA|h}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
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* ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (not velarized or pharyngealized, so more like Hiberno-English r than American r). The sequences /rn rl rtʰ rt⁼ rt͡sʰ rt͡s⁼ rs/ are realized as retroflex [ɳ ɭ ʈʰ ʈ⁼ ʈ͡ʂʰ ʈ͡ʂ ʂ], even across word boundaries: נאך אפֿשר לעט ''năch efșăr led'' [nəχ efʃə ɭet] 'can't you?' It may also be a retracted alveolar flap [ɾ̠] or trill [r̠]. | * ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (not velarized or pharyngealized, so more like Hiberno-English r than American r). The sequences /rn rl rtʰ rt⁼ rt͡sʰ rt͡s⁼ rs/ are realized as retroflex [ɳ ɭ ʈʰ ʈ⁼ ʈ͡ʂʰ ʈ͡ʂ ʂ], even across word boundaries: נאך אפֿשר לעט ''năch efșăr led'' [nəχ efʃə ɭet] 'can't you?' It may also be a retracted alveolar flap [ɾ̠] or trill [r̠]. | ||
* In most modern accents ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced. It is pronounced as Czech ''ř'' (devoiced after voiceless fricatives and aspirated stops) in conservative dialects and merges with ''ș'' or becomes a sound similar to Spanish ''y'' in ''yendo'' in some dialects. | * In most modern accents ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced. It is pronounced as Czech ''ř'' (devoiced after voiceless fricatives and aspirated stops) in conservative dialects and merges with ''ș'' or becomes a sound similar to Spanish ''y'' in ''yendo'' in some dialects. | ||
* Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר׳עבאר ''dŗevăr'' /tʃevər/ 'sister' and | * Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר׳עבאר ''dŗevăr'' /tʃevər/ 'sister' and צשעבאר ''ģevăr'' /t͡ʃevər/ 'winter'; תּר׳י ''tŗi'' /tʰʃɪ/ '3' and סשי ''c̦i'' /t͡ʃʰɪ/ 'at her'. | ||
* /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before or after /a/ and [ç] after /ɪ/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞] unless preceded by /ɪ/ | * /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before or after /a/ and [ç] after /ɪ/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞] unless preceded by /ɪ/ | ||
* /n/ assimilates to [ŋ] before /k kʰ/. | * /n/ assimilates to [ŋ] before /k kʰ/. | ||
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* /k kʰ χ ʁ/ ק כּ כ/ך ג | * /k kʰ χ ʁ/ ק כּ כ/ך ג | ||
* /tʃ tʃʰ ʃ ɲ/ זש צש ש נ׳/ן׳ | * /tʃ tʃʰ ʃ ɲ/ זש צש ש נ׳/ן׳ | ||
* /ts tsʰ s/ ז צ/ץ ס | * /ts tsʰ s/ ז/צ/ץ ס שׂ | ||
* /t tʰ n/ ט תּ נ/ן | * /t tʰ n/ ט תּ נ/ן | ||
* /p pʰ f v m/ בּ פּ פף ב מ/ם (initially /v/ is spelled וו when not or not obviously a result of lenition, especially in foreign words) | * /p pʰ f v m/ בּ פּ פף ב מ/ם (initially /v/ is spelled וו when not or not obviously a result of lenition, especially in foreign words) | ||
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גּ, דּ, ד in Hebrew and Aramaic loans are unaspirated /k/, /t/, /t/. ח in Hebrew loans represents /χ/. | גּ, דּ, ד in Hebrew and Aramaic loans are unaspirated /k/, /t/, /t/. ח in Hebrew loans represents /χ/. | ||
Rafe (רפה ''rofă'') is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ זֿש דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ | Rafe (רפה ''rofă'') is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ זֿש דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ^ פּֿ פֿ צֿ צֿש קֿ תֿ for bh gh ģh dh zh dh ch mh sh ph fh țh c̦h gh th /v ʁ j ʁ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/ | ||
/j/ between two vowels is written יי. | /j/ between two vowels is written יי. | ||