Proto-Hlou-Shum: Difference between revisions
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===Consonant inventory=== | ===Consonant inventory=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="10"|Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | | ||
! |Labial | ! |Labial | ||
! |Alveolar | ! |Alveolar | ||
! |Lateral | |||
! |Palatal | ! |Palatal | ||
! |Velar | ! |Velar | ||
| Line 15: | Line 16: | ||
| *m | | *m | ||
| *n | | *n | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 24: | Line 26: | ||
| *p | | *p | ||
| *t | | *t | ||
| * | | *ƛ | ||
| | |||
| *k | | *k | ||
| *q | | *q | ||
| Line 32: | Line 35: | ||
| *b | | *b | ||
| *d | | *d | ||
| * | | *λ | ||
| | |||
| *g | | *g | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 40: | Line 44: | ||
| *pʰ | | *pʰ | ||
| *tʰ | | *tʰ | ||
| * | | *ƛʰ | ||
| | |||
| *kʰ | | *kʰ | ||
| *qʰ | | *qʰ | ||
| Line 49: | Line 54: | ||
| | | | ||
| *s | | *s | ||
| * | | *ł | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 57: | Line 63: | ||
| | | | ||
| *z | | *z | ||
| * | | *ḽ | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ | |rowspan="2"| *ʁ | ||
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| *w | | *w | ||
| | | | ||
| *l | |||
| *j | | *j | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 74: | Line 82: | ||
| *r | | *r | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Vocalic inventory=== | ===Vocalic inventory=== | ||
Revision as of 13:24, 7 September 2014
Proto-Talsmic phonology
Consonant inventory
| Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
| Nasal | *m | *n | |||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | *p | *t | *ƛ | *k | *q | *ʔ | ||
| voiced | *b | *d | *λ | *g | |||||
| aspirated | *pʰ | *tʰ | *ƛʰ | *kʰ | *qʰ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | *s | *ł | *h | |||||
| voiced | *z | *ḽ | *ʁ | ||||||
| Approximant | *w | *l | *j | ||||||
| Trill | *r | ||||||||
Vocalic inventory
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | *i *ī | *u *ū | |
| Mid | *e *ē | *o *ō | |
| Open | *a *ā |
Sound changes
- ph, th, ƛh, kh, qh > resp. aspirates
- First spirantization:
- qʰ > χ
- pʰ > f
- Radicalization:
- q > ʡ
- χ > ħ
- Assimilation of dentals:
- ts, ths > ss
- dz, thz > zz > later z
- ƛs > ƛʰ
- ƛz > λ
- Some cluster changes:
- tk > kt
- tp, db, kp, gb > tv, dv, kv, gv (should be earlier than PTal?)
- kt, łt, kþ > xt
- pþ > ps
- qt > ħt
- Second spirantization:
- tʰ > þ
- kʰ > x
- ƛʰ > ł
- ʔC > C[+long]
- C̓ʔ, Ch > Ce usually,
- mʔ, nʔ, lʔ, rʔ > also mp, nt, lt, rt (especially in function morphemes)
- mh, nh, lh, rh > also nf, nþ, lþ, rþ
- Loss of laterals (nearly unique to Themsaran?):
- ƛ > ŧ /ts/
- ł > þ
- λ > l, λλ > ld
- ḽ > ð, ḽḽ > lð
- Rhotacization:
- z > r / _C[+voiced]
- dl > rl
- Epenthetic vowels are added:
- CC[+resonant]# > CyC[+resonant]# and in many functional morphemes.
- w > v (a velarized labiodental approximant)
- ʁ / V_V, _C[+coronal] > v (a Themsarian-only sound change)
- ʁ otherwise > ʕ
- Loss of glottal stop:
- clitic =ʔ becomes final downstep
- vowel contractions: (~ denotes *ʔ or *h)
- *a~ > ā
- *a~e, *ajV *a~i > ae
- *aj, a~ī > ai
- *a~o, *awV(sometimes), *a~u > ao
- *aw, > au (sometimes)
- *e~C > eaC
- *ej, *ew, *e~ī > ei
- *e~u, *e~ū > ju, jū
- *ēj > ie
- *ē~ > ie (sometimes)
- *i~C > ieC
- *o~C > oaC
- *o~i, oj, u~i, uj > ȳ
- *o~ī > oi
- *ow > ū
- *u~C > uoC
- *u~ī > ui
- ʕ > ħ
- vv. zz > wv z
- bb, dd, gg > mb, nd, ng; also qq ħħ > q ħ, lengthening previous vowel
- Loss of word-final radicals:
C[+radical] > a / _#