SamSkandinavisk pronouns: Difference between revisions

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===Relative Pronouns===
===Relative Pronouns===
hvad xʷɑː(d) what
hvad [xʷɑː(d)] what
hvardan ˌxʷɑːrˈdɑːn as, like, such as
hvardan [ˌxʷɑːrˈdɑːn] as, like, such as
hvarför ˌxʷɑːrˈføːr why
hvarför [ˌxʷɑːrˈføːr] why
hvem xʷɛmː that
hvem [xʷɛmː] that
hvilken ˈxʷɪlːkən that, which, who, whom. Neuter = hvilket; plural = hvilke.
hvilken [ˈxʷɪlːkən] that, which, who, whom. Neuter = hvilket; plural = hvilke.
när næːr when, whenever, as
när [næːr] when, whenever, as
där dæːr where, which
där [dæːr] where, which
den som dɛn sɔmː the one that, who
den som [dɛn sɔmː] the one that, who
dit diːt where
dit [diːt] where
som sɔm that, which, who, whom
som [sɔm] that, which, who, whom


===Other Pronouns and Pronoun-like Determiners===
===Other Pronouns and Pronoun-like Determiners===

Revision as of 07:39, 24 November 2014

Personal pronouns

The SamSkandinavisk personal pronoun system is very similar to that of Danish, Norwegian-Bokmål and Swedish, and incidentally quite close to English. Pronouns inflect for person, number, and, in the third person singular, gender. Unlike English there is a separate third-person reflexive pronoun sig (himself, herself, itself, themselves). SamSka also keeps a distinct 2nd person singular du (you) and i (you plural), and objective forms of these. Reflexive forms are not used for the first and second person, mig for example can mean both me or myself.

Table of Personal pronouns

Singular Plural
Person Nominative Objective Possessive: com./neut./pl. Person Nominative Objective Possessive: com./neut./pl.
1st jeg [jeɪ] mig [meɪ] min [miːn] / mitt [mɪtː] / mine [ˈmiːnə] 1st vi [viː] oss [ɔsː] vår [vɔːr] / vårt [vɔʈː] / våre [ˈvɔːrə]
2nd du [duː] dig [deɪ] din [diːn] / ditt [dɪtː] / dine [ˈdiːnə] 2nd i [iː] eder [ˈeːdər, eːr] eders [ˈeːdəʂ, eːʂ]
3rd Masculine han [hanː] hanem [ˈhɑːnəm] / ham [hamː] hans [hanːs] 3rd de [deː] dem [deːm] deres [ˈdeːrəs]
3rd Feminine hon [hɔnː] henne [ˈhɛnːə] hennes [ˈhɛnːəs]
3rd Common den [dɛnː] den [dɛnː] dens [dɛnːs]
3rd Neuter det [dɛ] det [dɛ] dets [dɛtːs, dɛsː]
3rd Impersonal man [manː]
(3rd Reflexive) sig [seɪ] sin [siːn] / sitt [sɪtː] / sine [ˈsiːnə] (3rd Reflexive) sig [seɪ] sin [siːn] / sitt [sɪtː] / sine [ˈsiːnə]

Some possessive pronouns (for example 1st singular) are inflected similarly to adjectives, agreeing in gender and number with the item possessed.

The distinction between du and i is intended to be purely one of number. Du is to address a single person and i to address two or more people. There is no particular level of formality associated with either pronoun. Unlike with German du or French tu, SamSka du can be used to address adult strangers of any social rank.

Den is the equivalent of it used for common gender nouns. It is used for nouns when the grammatical gender is common and they have no physical gender. This could include inanimate objects, abstract concepts and animals where the physical gender is not known or not relevant. For example a bok (book) would normally be referred to as den. But a hankatt (tomcat) might instead be referred to as han (he) because it has a known and relevant physical gender. Den may also be used as a gender neutral pronoun to talk about a person when the physical gender is not yet known or not considered relevant. This can be used in non-sexist language to avoid a preference for male or female.

The third person pronouns det, den and de also serve as demonstrative pronouns, roughly equivalent to English that and those, and as definite articles, equivalent to English the.

The reflexive pronoun is used when the object or possessive is identical to the grammatical subject of the sentence: han kysste sin hustru. "he kissed his (own) wife". han kysste hans hustru "he kissed his (somebody else's) wife"

Man the impersonal pronoun is used in a similar way to formal English "one", or more informally "you" or "they". It refers to no one in particular. It always uses the reflexive possessive for possessive (for logical reasons). It isn't normally used in the objective case, but constructions of man in the objective case can be done by using the passive form of verbs.


Interrogative Pronouns

hvad [xʷɑː(d)] what, whatever

hvar [xʷɑːr] where, how, which

hvardan [ˌxʷɑːrˈdɑːn] how

hvarför [ˌxʷɑːrˈføːr] what for, why

när / hvarnär [næːr] adv. = when, whenever

hvarledes [ˌxʷɑːrˈleːdəs] how

hvem [xʷɛmː] who, whom, which, which one

hvo [xʷoː] who

hvilken [ˈxʷɪlːkən] which, which one, who, whom, what, how Neuter = hvilket; plural = hvilke.

hvis [xʷiːs] whose, of which, of whom

Demonstrative Pronouns

det dɛ that (neuter)

den dɛnː that (common)

de deː those (plural)

dette ˈdɛtːə this (neuter)

denne ˈdɛnːə this (common)

desse ˈdɛsːə these, such (plural

där dæːr there, over there, at that place, yonder

dit diːt there, thither, yonder, that way, to that place

därfrå ˌdæːrˈfrɔː from there, thence, therefrom

då dɔː at that time, in that case, then

her heːr here, herein, this place

hit hiːt hither, here, to this place

Relative Pronouns

hvad [xʷɑː(d)] what hvardan [ˌxʷɑːrˈdɑːn] as, like, such as hvarför [ˌxʷɑːrˈføːr] why hvem [xʷɛmː] that hvilken [ˈxʷɪlːkən] that, which, who, whom. Neuter = hvilket; plural = hvilke. när [næːr] when, whenever, as där [dæːr] where, which den som [dɛn sɔmː] the one that, who dit [diːt] where som [sɔm] that, which, who, whom

Other Pronouns and Pronoun-like Determiners

all alː all, any, every, everyone alle "ˈalːə " all, everyone, any, everybody allesammen ˌalːəˈsamːən everybody, everyone, all of them / you / us, altogether allt alːt all, everything, anything, the lot allting ˌalːˈtɪŋː everything alltsammen ˌalːtˈsamːən everything annen ˈanːən other, another, others, else. Indefinite common = annen; indefinite neuter = annet; definite = andre. enhver ˌeːnˈxʷeːr peach, every, all, any, anybody, everybody, everyone hver xʷeːr each, every, all the, everybody, everyone hverandre ˌxʷeːrˈanːdrə each other, one another ingen ˈɪŋːən none, nobody, no one, nothing ingenting ˌɪŋːənˈtɪŋː nothing, naught mange "ˈmaŋːə " Comparative = flere / mangere; superlative = flest / mangest. many, a lot någen ˈnɔːjən any, anybody, anyone, some, somebody, someone, anything, something någet ˈnɔːjət any, anything, some, something själv ʃɛlːv oneself somme ˈsɔmːə some slik sliːk such