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| **To express contempt | | **To express contempt |
| **As a second-in-line demonstrative, similar to obviation | | **As a second-in-line demonstrative, similar to obviation |
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| The demonstrative '''pronouns'' have identical endings to personal pronouns, and can also be used in isolation to refer to people or objects: e.g. ''má'' 'this man/thing', ''ħī́'' 'that woman near you'.
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| In highly humble language (roughly equivalent to German ''Ihr''), the "near speaker" and "near hearer" demonstratives are used in epithets for 1st and 2nd person respectively in lieu of grammatical 1st or 2nd person. (e.g. ''clū́dílē má'': "this humble subject", ''áchrē ħá/tīnā́ ħī́/sliévā ħī́'': Your Majesty/Highness; lit. "that king/hand/throne", ''domarvárlē/a̋thmavárlē ħá/ā́thimī́dī ħī́'', "that called one/sanctified one/holiness"; used to address a priest, ''mách/ħách'' generic humble language, used for locative obliques as substitutes for 1st or 2nd person inflected prepositions)
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| ====Reciprocal==== | | ====Reciprocal==== |