Verse:Mwail/Old Gloob: Difference between revisions
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! colspan="2" |Affricate | ! colspan="2" |Affricate | ||
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|colspan="3"| ''' | |colspan="3"| '''t''' /t̪s̪~ts~tɕ~tʃ/ | ||
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Permitted -CC- clusters (of these only geminates and clusters ending in non-radical obstruents are permissible as -CC): | Permitted -CC- clusters (of these only geminates and clusters ending in non-radical obstruents are permissible as -CC): | ||
*The following geminates: ''cc'', ''cch'', ''ff'', ''ll'', ''mm'', ''nn'', ''pp'', ''rr'', ''ss'', ''tt'', ''tth | *The following geminates: ''cc'', ''cch'', ''ff'', ''ll'', ''mm'', ''nn'', ''pp'', ''rr'', ''ss'', ''tt'', ''tth'' | ||
*''bl, br'' | *''bl, br'' | ||
*''cl, cr, cs, cv'' | *''cl, cr, cs, cv'' | ||
*''chl, chm, chn, chr, cht | *''chl, chm, chn, chr, cht, chv'' | ||
*''dm, dn, dr, dv'' | *''dm, dn, dr, dv'' | ||
*''ðm, ðn, ðr, ðv'' | *''ðm, ðn, ðr, ðv'' | ||
*''fl, fr, fs'' | *''fl, fr, fs'' | ||
*''gl, gm, gn, gr, gv'' | *''gl, gm, gn, gr, gv'' | ||
*''ħl, ħm, ħn, ħr, ħs, ħt | *''ħl, ħm, ħn, ħr, ħs, ħt, ħv'' | ||
*''lb, lc, lch, ld, lð, lf, lg, lħ, lm, ln, lp, lq, ls, lt, lth | *''lb, lc, lch, ld, lð, lf, lg, lħ, lm, ln, lp, lq, ls, lt, lth, lv, lz'' | ||
*''mb, ml, mn, mp, mr, ms, mz'' | *''mb, ml, mn, mp, mr, ms, mz'' | ||
*''nc, nd, nf, ng, nħ, nl, nq, ns, nt, nth | *''nc, nd, nf, ng, nħ, nl, nq, ns, nt, nth, nv, nz'' | ||
*''pl, pr, ps'' | *''pl, pr, ps'' | ||
*''ql, qr, qv'' | *''ql, qr, qv'' | ||
*''rb, rc, rch, rd, rð, rf, rg, rħ, rm, rn, rp, rq, rs, rt, rth | *''rb, rc, rch, rd, rð, rf, rg, rħ, rm, rn, rp, rq, rs, rt, rth, rv, rz'' | ||
*''sc, sch, sf, sħ, sl, sm, sn, sq, sr, st, sth | *''sc, sch, sf, sħ, sl, sm, sn, sq, sr, st, sth, sv'' | ||
*''thm, thn, thr, thv'' | *''thm, thn, thr, thv'' | ||
*'' | *''tm, tn, tr, tv'' | ||
===Phonological rules=== | ===Phonological rules=== | ||
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*''h'' > [ː~] / _C[+fricative] | *''h'' > [ː~] / _C[+fricative] | ||
*''*ʔ'' > [ː~] / _C | *''*ʔ'' > [ː~] / _C | ||
*''c'' > ''ch'' / _{''d'', ''t'', '' | *''c'' > ''ch'' / _{''d'', ''t'', ''t''} | ||
*''*tk'' | *''*tk''/''*łt''/''*pt''/''*kt''/''*łk'', ''*tx'' > ''cht'', ''cth'' | ||
*''q'' | *''q'' | ||
**> ''ħ'' / _{''t'', '' | **> ''ħ'' / _{''t'', ''t''} | ||
**> ''v'' / _C[+voiced +obstruent] | **> ''v'' / _C[+voiced +obstruent] | ||
*''nr'' > ''ndr'', ''lr'' > ''ldr'' | *''nr'' > ''ndr'', ''lr'' > ''ldr'' | ||
*''e'' > ''a'' / ʔ_# | *''e'' > ''a'' / ʔ_# | ||
*''ds ts ths zs | *''ds ts ths zs ts'' > ''ss'' | ||
*''dz | *''dz tz thz tz zz'' > ''z'' | ||
*''*λ'' > ''l'', ''*λλ'' > ''ld'' | *''*λ'' > ''l'', ''*λλ'' > ''ld'' | ||
*''*ḽ'' > ''ð'', ''*ḽḽ'' > ''lð'' | *''*ḽ'' > ''ð'', ''*ḽḽ'' > ''lð'' | ||
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! '''ð''' | ! '''ð''' | ||
! '''s''' | ! '''s''' | ||
! '''c''' | ! '''c''' | ||
! '''g''' | ! '''g''' | ||
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| /ð/ | | /ð/ | ||
| /s/ | | /s/ | ||
| /k/ | | /k/ | ||
| /g/ | | /g/ | ||
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| /d/, /dʱ/ | | /d/, /dʱ/ | ||
| /s/, /sʰ/ | | /s/, /sʰ/ | ||
| /k/, /kʰ/ | | /k/, /kʰ/ | ||
| /g/, /gʱ/ | | /g/, /gʱ/ | ||
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| /v/ | | /v/ | ||
| /s/ | | /s/ | ||
| /k/ | | /k/ | ||
| /ɴ/ | | /ɴ/ | ||
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| /d̪/ | | /d̪/ | ||
| /s/, /ʃ/ | | /s/, /ʃ/ | ||
| /k/, /tʃ/ | | /k/, /tʃ/ | ||
| /g/, /dʒ/ | | /g/, /dʒ/ | ||
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==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
[[Image: | [[Image:tā́thimā́ script.jpg|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}} script in the ''tā́thimā́'' style.|240px]] | ||
-->The standardized {{PAGENAME}} alphabet, variants of which are used to write other Talsmic languages, is a native alphabetic script with 28 letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length and tones. In the earliest texts vowel length and tone were not recorded; diacritics for these were first devised for religious and official purposes and gradually came to be universally mandatory. In texts meant to be sung (e.g. poetry or hymns) the tone marks are substituted with various cantillation marks that 'correspond' to the tone. Tone is generally ''not'' assigned when transcribing foreign words. | -->The standardized {{PAGENAME}} alphabet, variants of which are used to write other Talsmic languages, is a native alphabetic script with 28 letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length and tones. In the earliest texts vowel length and tone were not recorded; diacritics for these were first devised for religious and official purposes and gradually came to be universally mandatory. In texts meant to be sung (e.g. poetry or hymns) the tone marks are substituted with various cantillation marks that 'correspond' to the tone. Tone is generally ''not'' assigned when transcribing foreign words. | ||
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#'''Q:''' ''qìed'' 'saw' | #'''Q:''' ''qìed'' 'saw' | ||
#'''Ð:''' ''ðerfás'' 'to pierce' | #'''Ð:''' ''ðerfás'' 'to pierce' | ||
#'''Y:''' '' | #'''Y:''' ''ýst'' 'air' | ||
#'''CH:''' ''chàustis'' 'to go down' | #'''CH:''' ''chàustis'' 'to go down' | ||
#'''T:''' '' | #'''T:''' ''tīmé'' 'hand' | ||
#'''N:''' ''nùoss'' 'to go up' | #'''N:''' ''nùoss'' 'to go up' | ||
#'''TH:''' ''thrā̀p'' 'combat' | #'''TH:''' ''thrā̀p'' 'combat' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|3.inan | !|3.inan | ||
| | |''vét'' | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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====Demonstrative==== | ====Demonstrative==== | ||
The demonstrative pronouns come in three distance levels: the ''m''-series, the ''ħ''-series and the '' | The demonstrative pronouns come in three distance levels: the ''m''-series, the ''ħ''-series and the ''t''-series. | ||
When a demonstrative modifies a noun phrase, the noun modified must be grammatically definite. | When a demonstrative modifies a noun phrase, the noun modified must be grammatically definite. | ||
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**In dialogue, to refer to things that are only known to the speaker or the listener | **In dialogue, to refer to things that are only known to the speaker or the listener | ||
**(the pronouns) for anaphoric uses at a focus level intermediate of that of the ''m''-series and the 3rd person pronouns. | **(the pronouns) for anaphoric uses at a focus level intermediate of that of the ''m''-series and the 3rd person pronouns. | ||
*The '' | *The ''t''-series is used: | ||
**In dialogue, to refer to things that are known by both the speaker and the listener | **In dialogue, to refer to things that are known by both the speaker and the listener | ||
**For psychologically distant items, places or times | **For psychologically distant items, places or times | ||
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=====Fossilized oblique cases===== | =====Fossilized oblique cases===== | ||
The frozen oblique cases (ablative, instrumental/locative and allative) are largely found in two lexical classes: adverbs and prepositions. | The frozen oblique cases (ablative, instrumental/locative and allative) are largely found in two lexical classes: adverbs and prepositions. | ||
Ablatives, found in causal expressions, end in ''-ēn'', ''-ān'', and ''-īn'' for the first, second and third declensions respectively; the instrumental/locative ends in ''-īl'' (1) or ''-ai'' (2); and the allative, often found in purpose expressions, ends in ''- | Ablatives, found in causal expressions, end in ''-ēn'', ''-ān'', and ''-īn'' for the first, second and third declensions respectively; the instrumental/locative ends in ''-īl'' (1) or ''-ai'' (2); and the allative, often found in purpose expressions, ends in ''-tht''. | ||
The instrumental/locative suffix ''-īl'' derive adverbs and prepositions of location, manner or concern. The feminine counterpart ''-ai'' form adverbs from original feminine nouns, and has derived "in language X" adverbs and the instrumental preposition ''nai'' itself. | The instrumental/locative suffix ''-īl'' derive adverbs and prepositions of location, manner or concern. The feminine counterpart ''-ai'' form adverbs from original feminine nouns, and has derived "in language X" adverbs and the instrumental preposition ''nai'' itself. | ||
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|''má'' | |''má'' | ||
|''ħá'' | |''ħá'' | ||
|'' | |''tá'' | ||
|''atié'' (anyone); ''atián'' (anything) | |''atié'' (anyone); ''atián'' (anything) | ||
|''rṓg'', ''bást'' (adjective), ''cárbást'' (person) | |''rṓg'', ''bást'' (adjective), ''cárbást'' (person) | ||
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|''mách*; dáte*'' | |''mách*; dáte*'' | ||
|''ħách'' | |''ħách'' | ||
|'' | |''tách'' | ||
|''atiách'' | |''atiách'' | ||
|''smárbást'' | |''smárbást'' | ||
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|''gilmách/máchēn*; gildát/dátēn*'' | |''gilmách/máchēn*; gildát/dátēn*'' | ||
|''gilħách;'' ''ħáchēn'' | |''gilħách;'' ''ħáchēn'' | ||
|'' | |''giltách;'' ''táchēn'' | ||
|''gil atiách'' | |''gil atiách'' | ||
|''gil smárbást'' | |''gil smárbást'' | ||
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|''vomách/máchást*; vódát/dátást*'' | |''vomách/máchást*; vódát/dátást*'' | ||
|''voħách;'' ''ħáchást'' | |''voħách;'' ''ħáchást'' | ||
|'' | |''votách;'' ''táchást'' | ||
|''vo atiách'' | |''vo atiách'' | ||
|''vo smárbást'' | |''vo smárbást'' | ||
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|''jápse'', ''jéma'' | |''jápse'', ''jéma'' | ||
|''gáma'' | |''gáma'' | ||
|colspan= '2'|'' | |colspan= '2'|''sónēt'' | ||
|''fúot'' | |''fúot'' | ||
|''pídħīl'' | |''pídħīl'' | ||
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|''mávōth'' | |''mávōth'' | ||
|''ħávōth'' | |''ħávōth'' | ||
|'' | |''távōth'' | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
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|''mḗr'' | |''mḗr'' | ||
|''ħḗr'' | |''ħḗr'' | ||
|'' | |''tḗr'' | ||
|''atiḗr'' | |''atiḗr'' | ||
|''rṓg ýthīl'' | |''rṓg ýthīl'' | ||
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|''mḗn'' | |''mḗn'' | ||
|''ħḗn'' | |''ħḗn'' | ||
|'' | |''tḗn'' | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
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|''mást'' | |''mást'' | ||
|''ħást'' | |''ħást'' | ||
|'' | |''tást'' | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
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The subjunctive is also used in exclamations of disbelief (with the conjunction ''ne''): | The subjunctive is also used in exclamations of disbelief (with the conjunction ''ne''): | ||
:'''''Ne ħis{{blue|an}}aromíā | :'''''Ne ħis{{blue|an}}aromíā tach!''''' | ||
:<small>ne ħis-RDPL-n-aromi-ā | :<small>ne ħis-RDPL-n-aromi-ā tách</small> | ||
:<small>COMPZ ‹SBJV›survive-PRET.3SG there</small> | :<small>COMPZ ‹SBJV›survive-PRET.3SG there</small> | ||
:''It is astounding that he survived that!'' | :''It is astounding that he survived that!'' | ||
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|approximately when | |approximately when | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'' | |''tany'' | ||
|behind | |behind | ||
|after | |after | ||
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|3 | |3 | ||
|''náre'' | |''náre'' | ||
|'' | |''naráth'' | ||
|''nárter'' | |''nárter'' | ||
|''narslé'' | |''narslé'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|5 | |5 | ||
|'' | |''níte'' | ||
|'' | |''nitáth'' | ||
|''níchter'' | |''níchter'' | ||
|''nislé'' | |''nislé'' | ||
|'' | |''nitínde'' | ||
|'' | |''nitíeð'' | ||
|'' | |''nitvíem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|6 | |6 | ||
|'' | |''thā̀me'' | ||
|'' | |''thāmáth'' | ||
|'' | |''thā̀mter'' | ||
|'' | |''thāmslé'' | ||
|'' | |''thāmínde'' | ||
|'' | |''thāmíeð'' | ||
|'' | |''thāmvíem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|7 | |7 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|15/F<sub>20</sub> | |15/F<sub>20</sub> | ||
|'' | |''nistiħȳré'' | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|16/G<sub>20</sub> | |16/G<sub>20</sub> | ||
|'' | |''thāmiħȳré'' | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|20/10<sub>20</sub> | |20/10<sub>20</sub> | ||
|'' | |''nēsé'' | ||
|'' | |''nēsáth'' | ||
|'' | |''nḕster'' | ||
|'' | |''nēslé'' | ||
|'' | |''nēsínde'' | ||
|'' | |''nēsíeð'' | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|21/11<sub>20</sub> | |21/11<sub>20</sub> | ||
|'' | |''nēsé... ie cḗm<sup>CLF</sup>'' | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|22/12<sub>20</sub> | |22/12<sub>20</sub> | ||
|'' | |''nēsé... ie títhār<sup>CLF</sup>'' | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|100/50<sub>20</sub> | |100/50<sub>20</sub> | ||
|'' | |''nistnū́r'' | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|400/100<sub>20</sub> | |400/100<sub>20</sub> | ||
|'' | |''taflé'' | ||
|'' | |''tafláth'' | ||
|'' | |''táfler'' | ||
|'' | |''tafslé'' | ||
|'' | |''taflínde'' | ||
|'' | |''taflíeð'' | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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The distributive suffix can be appended to the "''n'' times" numeral to express "''n'' times each"; e.g. ''chtāmterslé'' (six times each). | The distributive suffix can be appended to the "''n'' times" numeral to express "''n'' times each"; e.g. ''chtāmterslé'' (six times each). | ||
The numerals can be combined with possessive suffixes to denote "(the) ''n'' of us/you/them" '' | The numerals can be combined with possessive suffixes to denote "(the) ''n'' of us/you/them" ''mullatís'' "four of you", ''mullâis'' "the four of you". | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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===Modal constructions=== | ===Modal constructions=== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} is poor in true modal and auxiliary verbs; "adverbial" and "adjectival" modal constructions are more common. Deontic modalities tend to be expressed adjectivally, while situational and epistemic modalities tend to have adverbial expressions. All modal expressions come before the (negation-) lexical verb (e.g. ''Jêr | {{PAGENAME}} is poor in true modal and auxiliary verbs; "adverbial" and "adjectival" modal constructions are more common. Deontic modalities tend to be expressed adjectivally, while situational and epistemic modalities tend to have adverbial expressions. All modal expressions come before the (negation-) lexical verb (e.g. ''Jêr métar ħlomaréch thyrfāmâst!'' "How dare you betray my brothers!", note that the verb is in the preterite). | ||
====Modal adjectives==== | ====Modal adjectives==== | ||
*''lāmérsa'': "it is sufficient to..." | *''lāmérsa'': "it is sufficient to..." | ||
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====Modal adverbs==== | ====Modal adverbs==== | ||
*''ídā́'': "ably", used to express ability to do something. | *''ídā́'': "ably", used to express ability to do something. | ||
*'' | *''mṓtēr'': equivalent of "dare". | ||
*''lā́mīl'': "possibly", used to express epistemic possibility. | *''lā́mīl'': "possibly", used to express epistemic possibility. | ||
*''tóssēr'': "seemingly". | *''tóssēr'': "seemingly". | ||