Verse:Irta/Naeng

Proto-Naengic

• Syllable structure: (C)(ə).(C)(C)V(C_f)[sʔ]
  • C_f is one of [mnɲŋptckrlwj]
• VSO and head-initial, of course
• The unmarked 'absolute state' marked the end of the noun phrase. 'Construct state' or the connective was marked with a clitic *-s.

Proto-Nängic consonants
		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		*m	*n		*ɲ	*ŋ
Plosive	plain	*p	*t		*c	*k	*ʔ
	voiced	*b	*d		*ɟ	*g
	implosive	*ɓ	*ɗ		*ʄ
Fricative			*θ		*s /ç/		*h
Trill				*r
Lat. app.				*l
Approximant		*w			*j

Proto-Nängic vowels
	Front	Central	Back
Close	*i		*u
Mid	*e	*ə	*o
Open	*æ		*ɒ

Jottic

These languages are often affected by the areal *r > *ʀ sound change

PJott > Trây

• *ç > [ʒ] / #_[+voiced], [ʃ] / otherwise
• *-s > [+phonation magic] > vowel changes and ablaut
• *tç-, *cç-, *tc- > *çç- > [s] ⟨ß⟩

PJott > Mèkk

• *hn, sn, hl, sl > *ɬ
• *-r > *-ŋ

Bôr

• *θ > *v
• *d > *ð > *z
• *c- > *t͡s-
• *lV, *rV > *Vr, *Vl? Or *Cl-, *Cr- > *Cˤ?

Bôr-A consonants
		Labial		Alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
		plain	phar.	plain	phar.	plain	phar.	plain	phar.	plain	phar.
Nasal		m /m/	ml /mˤ/	n /n/	nl /nˤ/	ñ /ɲ/	ñl /ɲˤ/	ŋ /ŋ/	ŋl /ŋˤ/
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/	pl /pˤ/	t /t/	tl /tˤ/			k /k/	kl /kˤ/	ʔ /ʔ/
	voiced	b /b/	bl /bˤ/	d /d/	dl /dˤ/			g /g/	gl /gˤ/
Fricative	voiceless			s /s/				sl /x/		h /h/
	voiced	f /v/	fl, wl /vˤ/	z /z/				zl /ɣ/
Affricate				c /ts/	cl /tsˤ/
Lat. app.				l /l/
Approximant		w /w/				j /j/

Bôr vowels
	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	ı /i/	ır /iː/			u /ɯ/	ur /ɯː/
Mid	e /ɛ/	er /ɛː/	y /ə/	yr /əː/	o /ɔ/	or /ɔː/
Open			a /a/	ar /aː/

Tones!

• a: low level/modal
• ä: high breathy
• ả: low nasalized dipping
• ā: high tense
• ȧ: glottalized
• â: sharp falling