Guimin: Difference between revisions
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Vowels | |||
|- | |||
! !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Close vowel|High]] | |||
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || iː || [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]] || ɨː || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] || uː | |||
|- | |||
! High [[w:Pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] | |||
| iˤ || iˤː || ɨˤ || ɨˤː || uˤ || uˤː | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] | |||
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || eː || colspan="2" | || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] || oː | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Open vowel|Low]] | |||
| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]] || æː || [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]] || ɑː | |||
|- | |||
! Low [[w:Pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] | |||
| æˤ || æˤː | |||
|} | |||
*/æˤ/ only occurs in loanwords. | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
Revision as of 14:22, 29 January 2024
| Guimin | |
|---|---|
| гӯймин | |
| Pronunciation | [guːjˈmin] |
| Created by | Dillon Hartwig |
| Date | 2022 |
| Setting | Dagestan, Russian Federation |
Indo-European
| |
Early form | |
Guimin /ˈgoɪmɪn/ (Guimin: гӯймин [guːjˈmin]) is an Indo-European language spoken in eastern Dagestan.
Etymology
Guimin is from the autonym and ethnonym гӯймин, which is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥H-h₁en-mén-s.
Orthography
Guimin has historically been written with the Arabic, Mkhedruli, and Latin scripts, but is now largely written with the Cyrillic script.
(table here)
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||||
| Stop | Voiceless | p | pː | t | tː | k | kː | qː | ʔ | |||||
| Ejective | pʼ | pʼː | tʼ | tʼː | kʼ | kʼː | qʼː | |||||||
| Voiced | b | d | g | |||||||||||
| Affricate | Voiceless | t͡s | t͡sː | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃː | t͡ɬ | t͡ɬː | |||||||
| Ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡sʼː | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃʼː | t͡ɬʼ | t͡ɬʼː | ||||||||
| Voiced | d͡z | d͡ʒ | ||||||||||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | f | fː | s | sː | ʃ | ʃː | ɬ | ɬː | x | xː | χː | h | |
| Voiced | w | z | ʒ | ʁ | ||||||||||
| Approximant | l | j | ||||||||||||
| Trill | Voiceless | r̥ | r̥ː | |||||||||||
| Voiced | r | |||||||||||||
- /ʔ, d͡z, f, fː/ only occur in loanwords.
- Consonants except /f, fː, j/ are pharyngealized adjacent to pharyngealized vowels and other pharyngealized consonants.
- Pharyngealization of trills is optional and varies by speaker.
- Pharyngealized alveolar consonants (except lateral consonants and trills) are realized as dental
- Pharyngealized /ʔ/ is realized as [ʡ~ʕ]
- Pharyngealized /h/ is realized as [ħ~ʜ]
- Word-initial geminated consonants may be realized as aspirated or tense.
- /w/ is in free variation with [v] except before rounded vowels
- /w/ and [wˤ] before rounded vowels are realized as [v].
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | iː | ɨ | ɨː | u | uː |
| High pharyngealized | iˤ | iˤː | ɨˤ | ɨˤː | uˤ | uˤː |
| Close-mid | e | eː | o | oː | ||
| Low | æ | æː | ɑ | ɑː | ||
| Low pharyngealized | æˤ | æˤː | ||||
- /æˤ/ only occurs in loanwords.
Prosody
Stress
Stress is phonemic, most often either stem-initial or directly after the stem (which shifts to stem-final with zero-suffixes).
Intonation
Rhythm
Phonotactics
Morphology
Alignment
Guimin has ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment.
Nouns and pronouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives and adverbs
Postpositions
Numerals
Guimin uses base-20 numerals, except past 1000 where base-10 is used.
(table here)
Derivational morphology
Part-of-speech modifiers
Syntax
Constituent order
The predominant word order is SOV, but word order is very flexible.
Noun and verb phrases
Dependent clauses
Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after any other modifiers, and are generally marked with the attributive.
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1
Гӯ мәнвис виъсәм муъкӏтӏмими гьу вэ̄кьӏмими карә̄мэ̄с гьу гьуъкъӯкъә̄м упӏрә. Гӯ әъкь гьу виджд дӯрә гьу тӣнтӏзәм такэ̄ бырэ̄тӏ гӯъдэчэ̄.
Гӯ
NWIT
мәнвис
human.ABS-PL.ABS
виъсәм
all-M.PL.ABS
муъкӏтӏмими
free-ADJ.NZ-COM
гьу
and
вэ̄кьӏмими
equal-ADJ.NZ-COM
карә̄мэ̄с
dignity-SG.GEN2
гьу
and
гьуъкъӯкъә̄м
right.PL-PL.GEN2
упӏрә.
make.PFV.PASS.M.PL
Гӯ
NWIT
әъкь
reason
гьу
and
виджд
conscience
дӯрә
give.PFV.PASS.M.PL
гьу
and
тӣнтӏзәм
do.PFV.PRES.M.PL
такэ̄
should
бырэ̄тӏ
brother
гӯъдэчэ̄.
be.INF-LAT-GER-ADV