Proto-Quame: Difference between revisions
| Line 181: | Line 181: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! PGam | ! PGam | ||
! {{recon|p}} | ! {{recon|p}} | ||
! {{recon|b}} | ! {{recon|b}} | ||
! {{recon|p̓}} | ! {{recon|p̓}} | ||
! {{recon|t}} | ! {{recon|t}} | ||
! {{recon|d}} | ! {{recon|d}} | ||
| Line 193: | Line 191: | ||
! {{recon|c}} | ! {{recon|c}} | ||
! {{recon|c̓}} | ! {{recon|c̓}} | ||
! {{recon|ł}} | ! {{recon|ł}} | ||
! {{recon|λ}} | ! {{recon|λ}} | ||
! {{recon|ƛ}} | ! {{recon|ƛ}} | ||
! {{recon|ƛ̓}} | ! {{recon|ƛ̓}} | ||
! {{recon|k}} | ! {{recon|k}} | ||
! {{recon|g}} | ! {{recon|g}} | ||
| Line 212: | Line 207: | ||
! {{recon|ɢʷ}} | ! {{recon|ɢʷ}} | ||
! {{recon|q̓ʷ}} | ! {{recon|q̓ʷ}} | ||
! {{recon|m}} | |||
! {{recon|n}} | |||
! {{recon|r}} | |||
! {{recon|l}} | |||
! {{recon|y}} | |||
! {{recon|w}} | ! {{recon|w}} | ||
! {{recon|ʔ}} | ! {{recon|ʔ}} | ||
| Line 217: | Line 217: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Raxic|Rax]] | ! [[Raxic|Rax]] | ||
| ''p'', ''u-'' | | ''p'', ''u-'' | ||
| ''b'' | | ''b'' | ||
| ''ph'', ''hu-'' | | ''ph'', ''hu-'' | ||
| ''t'' | | ''t'' | ||
| ''d'' | | ''d'' | ||
| Line 229: | Line 227: | ||
| ''tz'' | | ''tz'' | ||
| ''tzh'' | | ''tzh'' | ||
| ''ł'' | | ''ł'' | ||
| ''dł'' | | ''dł'' | ||
| ''tł'' | | ''tł'' | ||
| ''tłh'' | | ''tłh'' | ||
| ''tx'' | | ''tx'' | ||
| ''x'' | | ''x'' | ||
| Line 248: | Line 243: | ||
| ''gu'' | | ''gu'' | ||
| ''hu'' | | ''hu'' | ||
| ''m'', ''-n'' | |||
| ''n'' | |||
| ''r'' | |||
| ''l'' | |||
| ''y'' | |||
| ''u'' | | ''u'' | ||
| ''h'' | | ''h'' | ||
| Line 253: | Line 253: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Talsmic languages|PTal]] | ! [[Talsmic languages|PTal]] | ||
| {{recon|''p''}} | | {{recon|''p''}} | ||
| {{recon|''b''}} | | {{recon|''b''}} | ||
| {{recon|''ɸ''}} | | {{recon|''ɸ''}} | ||
| {{recon|''t''}} | | {{recon|''t''}} | ||
| {{recon|''d''}} | | {{recon|''d''}} | ||
| Line 265: | Line 263: | ||
| {{recon|''s''}} | | {{recon|''s''}} | ||
| {{recon|''s''}} | | {{recon|''s''}} | ||
| {{recon|''h''}} | | {{recon|''h''}} | ||
| {{recon|''λ''}} | | {{recon|''λ''}} | ||
| {{recon|''t''}}, {{recon|''k''}} | | {{recon|''t''}}, {{recon|''k''}} | ||
| {{recon|''ł''}} | | {{recon|''ł''}} | ||
| {{recon|''k''}} | | {{recon|''k''}} | ||
| {{recon|''g''}} | | {{recon|''g''}} | ||
| Line 284: | Line 279: | ||
| {{recon|''ʁ''}} | | {{recon|''ʁ''}} | ||
| {{recon|''χ''}} | | {{recon|''χ''}} | ||
| {{recon|''m''}} | |||
| {{recon|''n''}} | |||
| {{recon|''r''}} | |||
| {{recon|''l''}} | |||
| {{recon|''j''}} | |||
| {{recon|''w''}} | | {{recon|''w''}} | ||
| {{recon|''h''}} | | {{recon|''h''}} | ||
| Line 289: | Line 289: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Wiobian|Wio]] | ! [[Wiobian|Wio]] | ||
| ''f'' | | ''f'' | ||
| ''p'' | | ''p'' | ||
| ''ƀ'' | | ''ƀ'' | ||
| ''þ'' | | ''þ'' | ||
| ''t'' | | ''t'' | ||
| Line 301: | Line 299: | ||
| ''ß'' | | ''ß'' | ||
| ''ß'' | | ''ß'' | ||
| ''s'' | | ''s'' | ||
| ''z'' | | ''z'' | ||
| ''s'' | | ''s'' | ||
| ''ɟ'' | | ''ɟ'' | ||
| ''h'' | | ''h'' | ||
| ''k'' | | ''k'' | ||
| Line 320: | Line 315: | ||
| ''qu'' | | ''qu'' | ||
| ''w'' | | ''w'' | ||
| ''m'' | |||
| ''n'' | |||
| ''r'' | |||
| ''l'' | |||
| ''j'' | |||
| ''w'' | | ''w'' | ||
| Ø | | Ø | ||
| Line 325: | Line 325: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Kʷoiƛoq̓ic languages|PKʷoi]] | ! [[Kʷoiƛoq̓ic languages|PKʷoi]] | ||
| {{recon|''p''}} | | {{recon|''p''}} | ||
| {{recon|''b''}} | | {{recon|''b''}} | ||
| {{recon|''p̓''}} | | {{recon|''p̓''}} | ||
| {{recon|''t''}} | | {{recon|''t''}} | ||
| {{recon|''d''}} | | {{recon|''d''}} | ||
| Line 337: | Line 335: | ||
| {{recon|''c''}} | | {{recon|''c''}} | ||
| {{recon|''c̓''}} | | {{recon|''c̓''}} | ||
| {{recon|''ł''}} | | {{recon|''ł''}} | ||
| {{recon|''λ''}} | | {{recon|''λ''}} | ||
| {{recon|''ƛ''}} | | {{recon|''ƛ''}} | ||
| {{recon|''ƛ̓''}} | | {{recon|''ƛ̓''}} | ||
| {{recon|''k''}} | | {{recon|''k''}} | ||
| {{recon|''g''}} | | {{recon|''g''}} | ||
| Line 356: | Line 351: | ||
| {{recon|''ɢʷ''}} | | {{recon|''ɢʷ''}} | ||
| {{recon|''q̓ʷ''}} | | {{recon|''q̓ʷ''}} | ||
| {{recon|''m''}} | |||
| {{recon|''n''}} | |||
| {{recon|''r''}} | |||
| {{recon|''l''}} | |||
| {{recon|''y''}} | |||
| {{recon|''w''}} | | {{recon|''w''}} | ||
| {{recon|''ʔ''}} | | {{recon|''ʔ''}} | ||
Revision as of 21:45, 22 June 2015
Overview
The Gamedan languages are moderately inflecting languages that use mainly suffixing and infixing morphology.
Phylogeny
| Proto-Gamedan |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Phonology
Consonants
An inventory of 35 consonants is reconstructed for Proto-Raxo-Talsmic. The Kʷoiƛoq̓ic/Quoytłochic branch preserves the most archaic consonant inventories, whereas the Talsmic branch and Wiobian are the most innovative.
| Proto-Raxo-Talsmic reconstructed consonants | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Denti-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||
| central | lateral | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | |||||
| Nasal | *m | *n | ||||||||
| Plosive | plain | *p | *t | *k | *kʷ | *q | *qʷ | *ʔ | ||
| voiced | *b | *d | *g | *gʷ | *ɢ | *ɢʷ | ||||
| ejective | *p̓ | *t̓ | *k̓ | *k̓ʷ | *q̓ | *q̓ʷ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | *s | *ł | *h | ||||||
| voiced | *z | *λ | ||||||||
| Affricate | plain | *c | *ƛ | |||||||
| ejective | *c̓ | *ƛ̓ | ||||||||
| Approximant | *y | *w | ||||||||
| Liquid | *r | *l | ||||||||
*m *n *l *r could be syllabic.
Consonant correspondences
| PGam | *p | *b | *p̓ | *t | *d | *t̓ | *s | *z | *c | *c̓ | *ł | *λ | *ƛ | *ƛ̓ | *k | *g | *k̓ | *kʷ | *gʷ | *k̓ʷ | *q | *ɢ | *q̓ | *qʷ | *ɢʷ | *q̓ʷ | *m | *n | *r | *l | *y | *w | *ʔ | *h |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rax | p, u- | b | ph, hu- | t | d | th | z | z | tz | tzh | ł | dł | tł | tłh | tx | x | txh | qu | gu | hu | c | g | ch | qu | gu | hu | m, -n | n | r | l | y | u | h | Ø |
| PTal | *p | *b | *ɸ | *t | *d | *θ | *h | *z, *r | *s | *s | *h | *λ | *t, *k | *ł | *k | *g | *x | *kʷ | *gʷ | *xʷ | *q | *ʁ | *χ | *q | *ʁ | *χ | *m | *n | *r | *l | *j | *w | *h | *ʔ |
| Wio | f | p | ƀ | þ | t | đ | ß, t, h | Ø | ß | ß | s | z | s | ɟ | h | k | g | ƕ | qu | w | h | k | g | ƕ | qu | w | m | n | r | l | j | w | Ø | Ø |
| PKʷoi | *p | *b | *p̓ | *t | *d | *t̓ | *s | *z | *c | *c̓ | *ł | *λ | *ƛ | *ƛ̓ | *k | *g | *k̓ | *kʷ | *gʷ | *k̓ʷ | *q | *ɢ | *q̓ | *qʷ | *ɢʷ | *q̓ʷ | *m | *n | *r | *l | *y | *w | *ʔ | *h |
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | *i *ī | *u *ū | |
| Mid | *e *ē | *o *ō | |
| Open | *a *ā |
Pitch
No phonemic pitch or tone existed in PRT.
Phonotactics
Consonant clusters were allowed, but limited.
Grammar
Typology
The basic word order was SOV.
Nominals
Proto-Raxo-Talsmic did not distinguish between nouns and adjectives. They both inflected for:
- 9 cases: nominative, (definite) accusative, genitive, dative, locative, ablative-comitative, allative, instrumental, adverbial
- A noun class system, indicated by different final classifier clitics. Or perhaps an animate-inanimate opposition.
- 3 numbers: Singular, dual, plural
Nouns minimally consisted of a root and an optional infix, case/number endings and a classifier suffix. The classifier suffixes play a role in gender assignment in daughter languages.
Declension
| Case suffixes | |
|---|---|
| Nominative | Ø |
| Accusative | *-z |
| Genitive | *-ʔ, *-k |
| Dative | *-ƛ |
| Locative-Comitative | *-ksi |
| Ablative | *-hn |
| Allative | *-cti |
| Instrumental | *-hli |
| Adverbial | *-ʔzi |
Nominal morphosyntax
The PRT nominative and accusative cases differ from the canonical nominative-accusative system in that the accusative case marks only definite or specific direct objects. The nominative in PRT also stood for both predicative complements of verbs and predicative nouns (regardless of their case-position). The marking of all predicates with the nominative survives in Raxic and Themsarian (although Raxic has extended the accusative to all direct objects). In later Ractamic languages, where the accusative case had long since lost the definite meaning, predicative direct objects are marked with the accusative case.
Pronouns
Verbs
Verbs were conjugated for subject, aspect, mood, evidentiality, and voice.
- Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
- Aspects: Perfect-imperfect dichotomy. 2 sets of subject markers?
- Evidentiality: direct, hearsay, unclear memory, quotative, inferential
- Moods: {Indicative, desiderative, jussive, optative}, {mirative, subjunctive}, imperative
- Voices: Active, mediopassive, causative
Personal suffixes:
| Imperfect suffixes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | -īn | -mēk̓ | |
| 1.in | - | ' | -nci |
| 2 | -əz | ' | -lci |
| 3.animate | -m | -rih | |
| 3.inanimate | -ici | ||
| Stative suffixes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | -nʔe | -moz | |
| 1.in | - | ' | -toz |
| 2 | -zʔe | ' | -li |
| 3.animate | -h | -woz | |
| 3.inanimate | -z | -toz | |
| Aspect→ Mood↓ |
Aorist | Habitual | Progressive |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative | |||
| Desiderative | |||
| Optative | |||
| Jussive | |||
| Imperative |
Derivational morphology
- ⟨*l⟩ verbalizer
- ⟨*r⟩ nominalizer/adjectivalizer