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| ===Dialekte=== | | ===Dialekte=== |
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| ==Classical Wiobian==
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| ===Introduction===
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| '''Classical Wiobian''' (/ˈwiːbiən/ or /ˈwiːɵbiən/ Classical Wiobian: ''wiöƀeme nuß'') is a highly divergent Gamedan language spoken in Wiober in the Jankmin area. (cf. Wiobian ''Janker'' 'ocean' < PJank {{recon|''jenkār''}} 'ibid.' (< PGmd {{recon|''wjénq-''}} 'water') + {{recon|''-ōr''}} 'collective suffix') Modern Wiobian is written following Old Wiobian orthographical conventions, but is pronounced much differently than Old Wiobian. Wiobians are notable for their monotheistic faith, whose religious text motivated them to preserve the classical orthography even in the wake of stark sound changes.
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| Classical Wiobian has a grammarian, '''Niumer Kait''' (Niumer is the surname and Kait is a male given name).
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| Todo:
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| *Translate some Bach cantatas
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|
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| ===Historical phonology===
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| *PGam {{recon|''h-''}} > {{recon|0}}
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| *PGam {{recon|''z''}} > {{recon|''s''}}
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| *Lateral obstruents become palatal obstruents
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| *PGam plain stops become fricatives
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| *PGam voiced stops become aspirated stops
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| *PGam ejective stops become implosive stops
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|
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| ===Phonology of Classical Wiobian===
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| ====Phonotactics====
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| (C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
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| ====Consonants====
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| Classical Wiobian features a greatly simplified system of ~22 consonants (comparable to [[Themsarian]], with 22 consonants).
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| Voiceless plosives are not aspirated.
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
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| |+ '''Classical Wiobian consonants'''
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| ! colspan="2"|
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| ! | Labial
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| ! | Dental
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| ! | Alveolar
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| ! | Palatal
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| ! | Velar
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| ! | Labiovelar
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| ! | Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" | Nasal
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| | '''m''' /m/
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| | '''n''' /n/
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| | [ɲ]
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| | '''ng''' /ŋ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''p''' /p/
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| | '''t''' /t/
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| | '''z''' /c/
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| | '''k''' /k/
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| | '''qu''' /kʷ/
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| | /ʔ/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| | '''ƀ''' /b/
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| | '''đ''' /d/
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| | '''ɟ''' /ɟ/
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| | '''g''' /ɡ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Fricative
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| | '''f''' /f~v/
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| | '''þ''' /θ~ð/
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| | '''ß''' /s~z/
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| | '''s''' /ç~ʝ/
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| | '''h, ch''' /x~ɣ/
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| | '''ƕ''' /xʷ~w/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Trill
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| | '''r''' /r/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | '''l''' /l/
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| | '''j''' /j/
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| | '''w''' /w/
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| |}
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| Plosives are devoiced and unreleased syllable-finally.
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| ====Vowels====
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| The vowel system is more complex.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''Classical Wiobian vowels'''
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
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| ! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
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| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/
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| | '''i''' /iː/
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| | '''ü''' /y/
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| | '''ü''' /yː/
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| | '''u''' /u/
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| | '''u''' /uː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close-mid
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| | '''e''' /e/
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| | '''e''' /eː/
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| | '''ö''' /ø/
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| | '''ö''' /øː/
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| | '''e''' /ə/
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| | '''o''' /o/
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| | '''o''' /oː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open-mid
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| | '''ä''' /ɛ/
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| | '''ä''' /ɛː/
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| | '''å''' /ɔ/
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| | '''å''' /ɔː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''a''' /a/
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| | '''a''' /aː/
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| |}
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| Diphthongs: '''au aü ei ia ie io iö iu uo üö''', pronounced as expected.
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| ====Stress====
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| The first syllable of the root was heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings.
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| ===Orthography===
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| ''All and only'' nouns are capitalized.
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| ===Nouns===
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| 5 cases:
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| *nominative
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| *accusative
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| *genitive
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| *dative
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| *predicative
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 270px; text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="3" | Indefinite article
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" | Case
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| ! style="width: 90px;" | Singular
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| ! style="width: 90px;" | Plural
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| ! Nominative
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| | ''ƕieme, me'' ||
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| ! Accusative
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| | ''ƕiemeß, meß'' ||
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| ! Genitive
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| | ''ƕiemeþ, meþ'' ||
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| ! Dative
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| | ''ƕiemes, mes'' ||
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| |-
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| ! Predicative
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| | ''ƕiem'' ||
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| |}
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 270px; text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="3" | ''Hiul'' - wind
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" | Case
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| ! style="width: 90px;" | Singular
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| ! style="width: 90px;" | Plural
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| |-
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| ! Nominative
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| | ''Hiul'' || ''Hiule''
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| |-
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| ! Accusative
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| | ''Hiuleß'' || ''Hiulen''
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| |-
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| ! Genitive
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| | ''Hiuleþ'' || ''Hiule''
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| |-
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| ! Dative
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| | ''Hiules'' || ''Hiulens''
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| |-
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| ! Predicative
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| | ''Hiule'' || ''Hiule''
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| |}
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| ===Verbs===
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| Subject pronouns are not dropped.
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| *''<sup>U</sup>-en'': 1st person singular
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| *''-eß'': 2nd person singular
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| *''-en'': 3rd person singular animate
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| *''-e'': 3rd person singular inanimate
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| *''-eme'': 1st person plural exclusive
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| *''-en'': 1st person plural inclusive
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| *''-el'': 2nd person plural
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| *''<sup>U</sup>-e'': 3rd person plural
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| Many verbs have a past tense stem distinct from the present tense stem. However auxiliary constructions are necessary to unambiguously indicate tense.
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| Present tense reduplicated stem ''pep-~piep-'':
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| *''inn piepen Zalleß'' 'I love the man'
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| *''ie'' (m.)/''wie'' (f.) ''pepeß'' 'thou lovest'
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| *''þa pepen'' 's/he loves'
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| *''þan pepe'' 'it loves'
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| *''uom pepeme'' 'we (exc.) love'
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| *''ƕind pepen'' 'we (inc.) love'
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| *''lind pepel'' 'ye love'
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| *''þute piepe'' 'they love'
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| Imperative is formed with the present tense stem:
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| *''pep!'' 'love (thou)!'
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| *''pepen!'' 'let us love!'
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| *''pepel!'' 'love (ye)!'
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| Past tense stem ''pie-'':
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| *''inn pien'' 'I loved'
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| *''ie'' (m.)/''wie'' (f.) ''pieß'' 'thou lovedst'
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| *''þa pien'' 's/he loved'
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| *''þan pie'' 'it loved'
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| *''om pien/pieme'' 'we loved'
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| *''lind piel'' 'ye loved'
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| *''þute pie'' 'they loved'
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| ===Syntax===
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| ====Relative clauses====
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| :'''''na Đrott himm liuwes nükksen, geto uom naß huoleme.'''''
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| :<small>ANA-SG.NOM thief-NOM 2PL-DAT yesterday steal-3SG.AN here 1EX.NOM ANA.ACC see-1EX</small>
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| :''This is where we saw the thief that robbed you yesterday.'' (Note that the demonstrative ''na'' both marks the relativized noun and refers to it.)
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| :'''''geto uom himm liuwes nükksen Đrotteß huoleme.'''''
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| :<small>here 1EX.NOM 2PL-DAT yesterday steal-3SG.AN thief-SG.ACC see-1EX</small>
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| :''This is where we saw the thief that robbed you yesterday.''
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| :'''''geto uom huoleme gaß nükksen liuwes himm gaß Đrotteß.'''''
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| :<small>here 1EX.NOM see-1EX DEF-SG.ACC steal-3SG.AN 2PL-DAT DEF-SG.ACC thief-SG.ACC</small>
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| :''This is where we saw the thief that robbed you yesterday.''
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| ===Derivational morphology===
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| *''<sup>U</sup>(-n)'': nominalization
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| *''ƀe-'': transitive verb prefix
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| *''đen-/đer-'': causative
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| *''en-'': collective
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| *''i-'' (< PJank {{recon|''ī''}} < PGam {{recon|''hiz''}}): negative
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| *''-n'': collective, nominalization
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| *''ner-'': causative
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| *''uo-'' (< PJank {{recon|''ā''}} < PGam {{recon|''ʔāz-''}}): augmentative
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| **''Uores'' 'wolf' < euphemistically derived from ''Rüös'' 'dog'
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| *''wen-'': perfective/telic
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| ==Semitic notes== | | ==Semitic notes== |