Luthic: Difference between revisions

Line 4,525:

Luthic case usage is very similar to Gothic, itself who calqued Ancient Greek grammar.

:* Nominative: ''(Ic) im ~~lûthico~~''. “I am Luthic”

:* Nominative: ''(Ic) im lûthicu''. “I am Luthic”

:* Accusative: ''(Ic) spracȯ lȯ ~~lûthicȯ~~''. “I speak Luthic”

:* Accusative: ''(Ic) spracȯ lȯ lûthico''. “I speak Luthic”

:* Dative: ''(Ic) ~~lasȯ lȯ lûthicȯ~~ þus''. “I teach Luthic to you”

:* Dative: ''(Ic) laso lo lûthico þus''. “I teach Luthic to you”

:* Genitive: ''La rasda lûthicoro þiudesca non ist''. “The language of the Luths is not Germanic”

Line 4,533:

* '''Ablato-locatival accusative:'''

:* Extent of space: ''(Is) qaervaut þreis quilometros''. “He walked three kilometres”

:* Duration of time: ''(Is) non beidaut ~~aenȯ dagȯ~~''. “He didn’t wait for one day”

:* Duration of time: ''(Is) non beidaut aeno dago''. “He didn’t wait for one day”

:* Place when: ''~~Þȯ staþȯ~~''. “In/on this place”

:* Place when: ''Þo staþo''. “In/on this place”

::* Sometimes prepositional: ''~~Naþ·þȯ staþȯ~~''. “''id.''”

::* Sometimes prepositional: ''Naþ·þo staþo''. “''id.''”

:* Time when: ''~~Giaenȯ vintrȯ~~''. “In/at/during that winter”

:* Time when: ''Giaeno vintro''. “In/at/during that winter”

:* Within which: ''Leizelas horas (is) scolat sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die”

::* Sometimes prepositional (dative is used instead): ''Dentro di leizelam horam (is) scolat sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die”

Line 4,542:

* '''Dative:'''

:* Purpose: ''Mannesci non ~~ovilȧ~~, ac ~~gôdanȧ~~ taugianda''. “Humans are not made for evil, but for good”

:* Purpose: ''Mannesci non ovila, ac gôðana taugianda''. “Humans are not made for evil, but for good”

:* Action for: ''Þus ~~scolȯ~~ helfare los ~~friundos~~ þeinos''. “I must help your friends for you”

:* Action for: ''Þus scolo helfare los frigiundos þeinos''. “I must help your friends for you”

::* Purpose for action for: ''Qenam naseini im''. “I am the (cause of) salvation for women”

:* Action against: ''Lȧ þeinȧ frescapi ~~scolȯ~~ gadauþare þuc''. “Against/in opposition to your freedom I shall kill you”

:* Action against: ''Lȧ þeinȧ frescapi scolo gadauþare þuc''. “Against/in opposition to your freedom I shall kill you”

::* Purpose for action against: ''Manni dauþam im''. “I am the (cause of) death for men” (affects negatively)

:* Concerning: ''Ce þû mis scolas taugiare''? “What will you do for me? (expressing the speaker being especially interested in what the other is doing for him or her)”

Line 4,551:

* '''Instrumento-dative:'''

:* Instrument: ''(Ic) ~~reizȯ pennȧ~~''. “I write with a pen”

:* Instrument: ''(Ic) reizo penno''. “I write with a pen”

:* Means: ''(Ic) ~~saeqȯ~~ augonivo''. “I see with the eyes”

:* Means: ''(Ic) saeqo augonivo''. “I see with the eyes”

:* Impersonal agent: ''Is gadauþada ~~coltellȧ~~ velvi''. “He was killed by the knife of the robber”

:* Impersonal agent: ''Is gadauþada coltella velvi''. “He was killed by the knife of the robber”

:* Manner: ''(Ic) ~~fregiȯ~~ þuc ~~managȧ fregiaþþȧ~~''. “I love you with many affection”

:* Manner: ''(Ic) fregio þuc managa fregiaþþa''. “I love you with many affection”

::* Prepositional if with no adjective: ''(Ic) ~~fregiȯ~~ þuc miþ ~~fregiaþþȧ~~''. “I love you with affection”

::* Prepositional if with no adjective: ''(Ic) fregio þuc miþ fregiaþþa''. “I love you with affection”

:* Accompaniment: ''(Ic) ~~scolȯ~~ qemare ~~friundom~~''. “I shall come with friends”

:* Accompaniment: ''(Ic) scoli qemare frigiundom''. “I shall come with friends”

::* Sometimes prepositional: ''(Ic) ~~scolȯ~~ qemare miþ ~~friundom~~''. “''id.''”

::* Sometimes prepositional: ''(Ic) scolo qemare miþ frigiundom''. “''id.''”

:* Degree of difference: ''(Is) alþezo aenom giarivo''. “He is older by a few years”

:* Quality: ''Aeno vaere ~~summȧ honestȧ~~''. “A man of highest honesty”

:* Quality: ''Aeno vaere summa honesta''. “A man of highest honesty”

* '''Ablato-dative:'''

:* Separation: ''(Ic) ~~sculȯ~~ cofare l'~~ovelȯ~~ þus''. “I shall keep the evil away from you”

:* Separation: ''(Ic) sculo cofare l'ovelo þus''. “I shall keep the evil away from you”

:* Motion away (prepositional): ''Giofa ~~Ravennȧ~~ du ~~Americȧ~~ furonno''. “They went from Ravenna to America”

:* Motion away (prepositional): ''Giofa Ravenna du America furonno''. “They went from Ravenna to America”

:* Personal agent (prepositional): ''Roma a lom Gôthicom ~~qesċada~~''. “Rome is destroyed by the Goths”

:* Personal agent (prepositional): ''Roma a lom Gôthicom qesciada''. “Rome is destroyed by the Goths”

:* Comparison (adjectival): ''Qenam scauneza''. “More beautiful than women”

:* Cause: ''(Ic) ~~gretȯ irȧ~~ ed agi''. “I cry with anger and fear” (marks the reason)

:* Cause: ''(Ic) greto ira ed agi''. “I cry with anger and fear” (marks the reason)

====Example text====

[[w:Schleicher's fable|Schleicher’s fable]] in Standard Luthic:

: '''La pecora e ~~ġl’aeqqi~~'''

: '''La pecora e gl’aeqqi'''

:: Aena pecora ei, stavat inu vollȧ, saecaut somos aeqqos: ~~aenȯ~~ eisôro tiravat ~~aenȯ~~ pesante ~~carrȯ~~, ~~aenȯ anþerȯ~~ baeravat ~~aenȯ mêquelȯ caricȯ~~ ed ~~aenȯ anþerȯ~~ transportavat ~~aenȯ mannȯ~~ snele. La pecora rodit all’aeqqos: “Mic plagget ata haertene ~~saecando~~ ce il ~~manno~~ trattat l’aeqqos”. ~~Ġl’aeqqi~~ rodironno: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse ist ~~penoso~~ saecare ei, il ~~manno~~, l’unsar ~~siġnore~~, sic taugit aena veste ~~lȧ vollȧ~~ pecorae, mentre lae pecorae ristonno inu vollȧ”. Dopo ascoltauda þata, la pecora ~~agrȯ~~ fliugat.

:: Aena pecora ei, stavat inu vollȧ, saecaut somos aeqqos: aeno eisôro tiravat aeno pesante carro, aeno anþero baeravat aeno mêquelo carico ed aeno anþero transportavat aeno manno snele. La pecora rodit all’aeqqos: “Mic plagget ata haertene saecandu ce il mannu trattat l’aeqqos”. Gl’aeqqi rodironno: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse ist penosu saecare ei, il mannu, l’unsar signore, sic taugit aena veste la volla pecorae, mentre lae pecorae ristonno inu vollȧ”. Dopo ascoltauda þata, la pecora agro fliugat.

:: ''aen-a pecor-a ei st-avat inu voll-ȧ saec-aut som-os aeqq-os aen-ȯ eis-ôro tir-av-at aen-ȯ pesant-e carr-ȯ aen-ȯ anþer-ȯ baer-av-at aen-ȯ mêquel-ȯ caric-ȯ ed aen-ȯ anþer-ȯ transport-av-at aen-ȯ mann-ȯ snel-e l-a pecor-a rod-it al-l=aeqq-os mic plagg-et ata haerten-e saec-~~ando~~ ce il mann-o tratt-at l=aeqq-os ġl=aeqq-i rod-ironno ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e ist penos-o saec-are ei il mann-o l=unsar ~~siġnor~~-e sic taug-it aen-a vest-e l-ȧ voll-ȧ pecor-ae mentre l-ae pecor-ae rist-onno inu voll-ȧ dopo ascolt-au-da þata l-a pecor-a agr-ȯ fliug-at''

:: ''aen-a pecor-a ei st-avat inu voll-a saec-aut som-os aeqq-os aen-o eis-ôro tir-av-at aen-o pesant-e carr-o aen-o anþer-o baer-av-at aen-o mêquel-o caric-o ed aen-o anþer-o transport-av-at aen-o mann-o snel-e l-a pecor-a rod-it al-l=aeqq-os mic plagg-et ata haerten-e saec-andu ce il mann-u tratt-at l=aeqq-os gl=aeqq-i rod-ironno ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e ist penos-u saec-are ei il mann-o l=unsar signor-e sic taug-it aen-a vest-e l-a voll-a pecor-ae mentre l-ae pecor-ae rist-onno inu voll-a dopo ascolt-au-da þata l-a pecor-a agr-o fliug-at''

:: a-NOM.F.SG sheep-NOM.SG that be-IMPF.3SG without wool-DAT.SG see-PRF.3SG some-ACC.M.PL horse-ACC.PL one-ACC.M.SG they-GEN.M.PL pull-IMPF.3SG wagon-ACC.SG one-ACC.M.SG other-ACC.SG bring-IMPF.3SG a-ACC.M.SG big-ACC.M.SG load-ACC.SG and one-ACC.M.SG other-ACC.SG carry-IMPF.3SG a-ACC.M.SG man-ACC.SG fast-ADVR the-NOM.F.SG sheep-NOM.SG say-PRF.3SG to=the-ACC.M.PL horse-ACC.PL I.ACC.SG pain-PRS.3SG the-ACC.N.SG heart-ACC.SG see-GRD how the-NOM.M.SG man-NOM.SG manage-PRS.3SG the-ACC.M.PL=horse-ACC.PL the-NOM.M.PL=horse-NOM.PL say-PRF.3PL hear-IMP.2SG sheep-NOM.SG for us.ACC.PL be-PRS.3SG pitiful see-INF that the-NOM.M.SG man-NOM.SG the-NOM.M.SG=our-NOM.M.SG lord-NOM.SG do-PRS.3R.SG a-ACC.F.SG garnment-ACC.SG the-DAT.F.SG wool-DAT.SG sheep-GEN.SG whereas the-NOM.F.PL sheep-NOM.PL remain-PRS.3PL without wool-DAT.SG after hear-IMPF.PASS.3SG that.ACC.N.SG the-NOM.F.SG sheep-NOM.SG field-ACC.SG flee-PRS.3SG

@@ Line 4,525: / Line 4,525: @@
 Luthic case usage is very similar to Gothic, itself who calqued Ancient Greek grammar.
-:* Nominative: ''(Ic) im lûthico''. “I am Luthic”
+:* Nominative: ''(Ic) im lûthicu''. “I am Luthic”
-:* Accusative: ''(Ic) spracȯ lȯ lûthicȯ''. “I speak Luthic”
+:* Accusative: ''(Ic) spracȯ lȯ lûthico''. “I speak Luthic”
-:* Dative: ''(Ic) lasȯ lȯ lûthicȯ þus''. “I teach Luthic to you”
+:* Dative: ''(Ic) laso lo lûthico þus''. “I teach Luthic to you”
 :* Genitive: ''La rasda lûthicoro þiudesca non ist''. “The language of the Luths is not Germanic”
@@ Line 4,533: / Line 4,533: @@
 * '''Ablato-locatival accusative:'''
 :* Extent of space: ''(Is) qaervaut þreis quilometros''. “He walked three kilometres”
-:* Duration of time: ''(Is) non beidaut aenȯ dagȯ''. “He didn’t wait for one day”
+:* Duration of time: ''(Is) non beidaut aeno dago''. “He didn’t wait for one day”
-:* Place when: ''Þȯ staþȯ''. “In/on this place”
+:* Place when: ''Þo staþo''. “In/on this place”
-::* Sometimes prepositional: ''Naþ·þȯ staþȯ''. “''id.''”
+::* Sometimes prepositional: ''Naþ·þo staþo''. “''id.''”
-:* Time when: ''Giaenȯ vintrȯ''. “In/at/during that winter”
+:* Time when: ''Giaeno vintro''. “In/at/during that winter”
 :* Within which: ''Leizelas horas (is) scolat sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die”
 ::* Sometimes prepositional (dative is used instead): ''Dentro di leizelam horam (is) scolat sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die”
@@ Line 4,542: / Line 4,542: @@
 * '''Dative:'''
-:* Purpose: ''Mannesci non ovilȧ, ac gôdanȧ taugianda''. “Humans are not made for evil, but for good”
+:* Purpose: ''Mannesci non ovila, ac gôðana taugianda''. “Humans are not made for evil, but for good”
-:* Action for: ''Þus scolȯ helfare los friundos þeinos''. “I must help your friends for you”
+:* Action for: ''Þus scolo helfare los frigiundos þeinos''. “I must help your friends for you”
 ::* Purpose for action for: ''Qenam naseini im''. “I am the (cause of) salvation for women”
-:* Action against: ''Lȧ þeinȧ frescapi scolȯ gadauþare þuc''. “Against/in opposition to your freedom I shall kill you”
+:* Action against: ''Lȧ þeinȧ frescapi scolo gadauþare þuc''. “Against/in opposition to your freedom I shall kill you”
 ::* Purpose for action against: ''Manni dauþam im''. “I am the (cause of) death for men” (affects negatively)
 :* Concerning: ''Ce þû mis scolas taugiare''? “What will you do for me? (expressing the speaker being especially interested in what the other is doing for him or her)”
@@ Line 4,551: / Line 4,551: @@
 * '''Instrumento-dative:'''
-:* Instrument: ''(Ic) reizȯ pennȧ''. “I write with a pen”
+:* Instrument: ''(Ic) reizo penno''. “I write with a pen”
-:* Means: ''(Ic) saeqȯ augonivo''. “I see with the eyes”
+:* Means: ''(Ic) saeqo augonivo''. “I see with the eyes”
-:* Impersonal agent: ''Is gadauþada coltellȧ velvi''. “He was killed by the knife of the robber”
+:* Impersonal agent: ''Is gadauþada coltella velvi''. “He was killed by the knife of the robber”
-:* Manner: ''(Ic) fregiȯ þuc managȧ fregiaþþȧ''. “I love you with many affection”
+:* Manner: ''(Ic) fregio þuc managa fregiaþþa''. “I love you with many affection”
-::* Prepositional if with no adjective: ''(Ic) fregiȯ þuc miþ fregiaþþȧ''. “I love you with affection”
+::* Prepositional if with no adjective: ''(Ic) fregio þuc miþ fregiaþþa''. “I love you with affection”
-:* Accompaniment: ''(Ic) scolȯ qemare friundom''. “I shall come with friends”
+:* Accompaniment: ''(Ic) scoli qemare frigiundom''. “I shall come with friends”
-::* Sometimes prepositional: ''(Ic) scolȯ qemare miþ friundom''. “''id.''”
+::* Sometimes prepositional: ''(Ic) scolo qemare miþ frigiundom''. “''id.''”
 :* Degree of difference: ''(Is) alþezo aenom giarivo''. “He is older by a few years”
-:* Quality: ''Aeno vaere summȧ honestȧ''. “A man of highest honesty”
+:* Quality: ''Aeno vaere summa honesta''. “A man of highest honesty”
 * '''Ablato-dative:'''
-:* Separation: ''(Ic) sculȯ cofare l'ovelȯ þus''. “I shall keep the evil away from you”
+:* Separation: ''(Ic) sculo cofare l'ovelo þus''. “I shall keep the evil away from you”
-:* Motion away (prepositional): ''Giofa Ravennȧ du Americȧ furonno''. “They went from Ravenna to America”
+:* Motion away (prepositional): ''Giofa Ravenna du America furonno''. “They went from Ravenna to America”
-:* Personal agent (prepositional): ''Roma a lom Gôthicom qesċada''. “Rome is destroyed by the Goths”
+:* Personal agent (prepositional): ''Roma a lom Gôthicom qesciada''. “Rome is destroyed by the Goths”
 :* Comparison (adjectival): ''Qenam scauneza''. “More beautiful than women”
-:* Cause: ''(Ic) gretȯ irȧ ed agi''. “I cry with anger and fear” (marks the reason)
+:* Cause: ''(Ic) greto ira ed agi''. “I cry with anger and fear” (marks the reason)
 ====Example text====
 [[w:Schleicher's fable|Schleicher’s fable]] in Standard Luthic:
-: '''La pecora e ġl’aeqqi'''
+: '''La pecora e gl’aeqqi'''
-:: Aena pecora ei, stavat inu vollȧ, saecaut somos aeqqos: aenȯ eisôro tiravat aenȯ pesante carrȯ, aenȯ anþerȯ baeravat aenȯ mêquelȯ caricȯ ed aenȯ anþerȯ transportavat aenȯ mannȯ snele. La pecora rodit all’aeqqos: “Mic plagget ata haertene saecando ce il manno trattat l’aeqqos”. Ġl’aeqqi rodironno: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse ist penoso saecare ei, il manno, l’unsar siġnore, sic taugit aena veste lȧ vollȧ pecorae, mentre lae pecorae ristonno inu vollȧ”. Dopo ascoltauda þata, la pecora agrȯ fliugat.
+:: Aena pecora ei, stavat inu vollȧ, saecaut somos aeqqos: aeno eisôro tiravat aeno pesante carro, aeno anþero baeravat aeno mêquelo carico ed aeno anþero transportavat aeno manno snele. La pecora rodit all’aeqqos: “Mic plagget ata haertene saecandu ce il mannu trattat l’aeqqos”. Gl’aeqqi rodironno: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse ist penosu saecare ei, il mannu, l’unsar signore, sic taugit aena veste la volla pecorae, mentre lae pecorae ristonno inu vollȧ”. Dopo ascoltauda þata, la pecora agro fliugat.
-:: ''aen-a pecor-a ei st-avat inu voll-ȧ saec-aut som-os aeqq-os aen-ȯ eis-ôro tir-av-at aen-ȯ pesant-e carr-ȯ aen-ȯ anþer-ȯ baer-av-at aen-ȯ mêquel-ȯ caric-ȯ ed aen-ȯ anþer-ȯ transport-av-at aen-ȯ mann-ȯ snel-e l-a pecor-a rod-it al-l=aeqq-os mic plagg-et ata haerten-e saec-ando ce il mann-o tratt-at l=aeqq-os ġl=aeqq-i rod-ironno ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e ist penos-o saec-are ei il mann-o l=unsar siġnor-e sic taug-it aen-a vest-e l-ȧ voll-ȧ pecor-ae mentre l-ae pecor-ae rist-onno inu voll-ȧ dopo ascolt-au-da þata l-a pecor-a agr-ȯ fliug-at''
+:: ''aen-a pecor-a ei st-avat inu voll-a saec-aut som-os aeqq-os aen-o eis-ôro tir-av-at aen-o pesant-e carr-o aen-o anþer-o baer-av-at aen-o mêquel-o caric-o ed aen-o anþer-o transport-av-at aen-o mann-o snel-e l-a pecor-a rod-it al-l=aeqq-os mic plagg-et ata haerten-e saec-andu ce il mann-u tratt-at l=aeqq-os gl=aeqq-i rod-ironno ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e ist penos-u saec-are ei il mann-o l=unsar signor-e sic taug-it aen-a vest-e l-a voll-a pecor-ae mentre l-ae pecor-ae rist-onno inu voll-a dopo ascolt-au-da þata l-a pecor-a agr-o fliug-at''
 :: a<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> that be<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> see<small>-PRF.3SG</small> some<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> they<small>-GEN.M.PL</small> pull<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> wagon<small>-ACC.SG</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> bring<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> big<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> load<small>-ACC.SG</small> and one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> carry<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> man<small>-ACC.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> say<small>-PRF.3SG</small> to<small>=</small>the<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> I<small>.ACC.SG</small> pain<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.N.SG</small> heart<small>-ACC.SG</small> see<small>-GRD</small> how the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> manage<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> the<small>-NOM.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-NOM.PL</small> say<small>-PRF.3PL</small> hear<small>-IMP.2SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> for us<small>.ACC.PL</small> be<small>-PRS.3SG</small> pitiful see<small>-INF</small> that the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.M.SG=</small>our<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> lord<small>-NOM.SG</small> do<small>-PRS.3R.SG</small> a<small>-ACC.F.SG</small> garnment<small>-ACC.SG</small> the<small>-DAT.F.SG</small> wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> sheep<small>-GEN.SG</small> whereas the<small>-NOM.F.PL</small> sheep<small>-NOM.PL</small> remain<small>-PRS.3PL</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> after hear<small>-IMPF.PASS.3SG</small> that<small>.ACC.N.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> field<small>-ACC.SG</small> flee<small>-PRS.3SG</small>